Topics

Abstract

Objective: To evaluate the influence of medical specialty on the likelihood of doctors making the Naughty or Nice lists this Christmas.

Design, setting, and participants: A quantitative observational study. Doctors in a medical parent Facebook group were asked about their specialty and their tendency to follow recipes.

Main outcome measures: Self-reported tendency to follow the recipe (always, sometimes, never) as an indicator of rule-breaking behaviour, extrapolated as indicating Naughty (unlikely to follow a recipe) or Nice (always follow recipes) tendencies, and consequently the likelihood of being included in the Nice list this Christmas.

Results: The majority of doctors in only 19% of specialties made the Nice list. When aggregated, 92% of surgical specialties reported that they either never followed recipes or did so only occasionally. Similarly, 80% of physician specialties reported being Naughty. In contrast, 50% each of those in critical care specialties were Naughty or Nice. General practitioners comprised the largest single group of respondents, and only 8% identified as Nice.

Conclusions: An overwhelming majority of medical parents were Naughty. As Santa makes his list and checks it twice, he will find out who is Naughty or Nice, and he may be surprised at the number of doctors who are on the wrong side of the inventory. When Santa Claus comes to town, he should be circumspect when indulging in any baked offerings by the Christmas tree, particularly those offered by surgeons and general practitioners.

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1 Greenslopes Private Hospital, Brisbane, QLD
2 Western Sydney University School of Medicine, Sydney, NSW

Correspondence: shianmiller@gmail.com

Competing interests:

No relevant disclosures.

1. Hojat M, Zuckerman M. Personality and specialty interest in medical students. Med Teach 2008; 30: 400-406.
2. Patterson D. Do recipes make you a better cook? [webpage]. Food & Wine, 30 June 2006. http://www.foodandwine.com/articles/do-recipes-make-you-a-better-cook (accessed Sept 2017).
3. Kotsis V, Chung KC. Application of See One, Do One, Teach One concept in surgical training. Plast Reconstr Surg 2013; 131: 1194-1201.

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Christmas competition
Winner

Tooth Fairy guilty of favouritism!

Raphael Patcas, Hubertus JM van Waes, Moritz M Daum and Markus A Landolt

Med J Aust 2017; 207 (11): . || doi: 10.5694/mja17.00860
Published online: 11 December 2017

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Topics

General medicine

Abstract

Objectives: To determine the proportion of children visited by the Tooth Fairy, the child-related factors that influence the likelihood of her visit, and the parent-related variables that affect the amount of money the Tooth Fairy leaves.

Design: Cross-sectional questionnaire study.

Setting: Zürich, Switzerland.

Participants: 3617 parents of children (mean age of children, 6.8 years; 51.9% girls) who had lost at least one deciduous tooth received a self-developed questionnaire; 1274 questionnaires were returned (35.2%).

Main outcome measures: Primary outcome variables were the Tooth Fairy’s visit after tooth loss and the amount of money given in case of a visit. Child- and parent-related variables were assessed as predictors of the main outcomes.

Results: Most parents (71.0%) reported that the Tooth Fairy visited their child. She usually exchanged the lost tooth for money (55.8% of visits) or placed money next to the tooth (40.7%); rarely did she take the tooth without pecuniary substitution. The Tooth Fairy left an average of 7.20 Swiss francs (approximately AU$9.45). The Tooth Fairy favoured visiting for the teeth of older children (odds ratio [OR], per year, 1.87; 95% CI, 1.09–3.21), of boys (OR, 2.65; 95% CI, 1.09–6.42), and of children who believed in her (OR, 4.12; 95% CI, 1.77–9.64). The amount of money was influenced by maternal, but not paternal socio-demographic factors, including level of education (OR, per level, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.66–0.92) and country of origin (OR, Western countries v non-Western countries, 2.35; 95% CI, 1.20–4.62).

Conclusions: The Tooth Fairy does not visit all children after tooth loss, displaying clear preferences in her choice of business partners. The odds of a visit are dramatically increased if she is believed in, and the value of a deciduous tooth is influenced by socio-demographic factors.

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1 Centre of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
2 Stadt Zürich Schul- und Sportdepartement, Zürich, Switzerland
3 University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
4 Neuroscience Centre, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
5 University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland

Correspondence: raphael.patcas@zzm.uzh.ch

Competing interests:

No relevant disclosures.

1. Shakespeare W. A midsommer nights dreame. London: Thomas Fisher, 1600.
2. Oxford English Dictionary. fairy, n. and adj. OED Online [online database]. June 2017. www.oed.com/view/Entry/67741 (accessed July 2017).
3. Prentice NM, Manosevitz M, Hubbs L. Imaginary figures of early childhood. Am J Orthopsychiatry 1978; 48: 618-628.
4. Tuja T. The Tooth Fairy: perspectives on money and magic. In: Narváez P, editor. The Good People: new fairylore essays. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1997.
5. Park JJ, Coumbe BGT, Park EHG, et al. Dispelling the nice or naughty myth: retrospective observational study of Santa Claus. BMJ 2016; 355: i6355.
6. Muller L, van Waes H, Langerweger C, et al. Maximal mouth opening capacity: percentiles for healthy children 4–17 years of age. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J 2013; 11: 17.
7. Swiss Conference of Cantonal Ministers of Education. The Swiss education system. Swiss Conference of Cantonal Ministers of Education [webpage]. Mar 2017. http://www.edk.ch/dyn/16342.php (accessed July 2017).
8. Yeung CA. Cost of tooth fairy on the rise. BMJ 2013; 346: f237.
9. Visa Inc. Survey: tooth fairy fluttering down to earth. Tooth Fairy leaving $3.19, down 24 cents per tooth [webpage]. Visa. July 2015. http://investor.visa.com/news/news-details/2015/Visa-Inc-Survey-Tooth-Fairy-Fluttering-Down-To-Earth/default.aspx (accessed July 2017).
10. The original Tooth Fairy poll [website]. Delta Dental. http://www.theoriginaltoothfairypoll.com/the-original-poll/ (accessed Aug 2017).
11. Krebs A, Thomas RM. Tooth Fairy keeping up with inflation. New York Times, 23 June 1981. http://www.nytimes.com/1981/06/23/nyregion/notes-on-people-tooth-fairy-keeping-up-with-inflation.html (accessed Aug 2017).
12. Hippocrates. Περι σαρκων [= De carnibus]. In: Oeuvres complètes (transl. É. Littré), vol. 8. Paris: J.-B. Baillière, 1853; pp 584-615; here: section 12.
13. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Food supply: livestock and fish primary equivalent: search for item “milk excluding butter” as food supply quantity (kg/capita/yr) for year 2013. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/CL (accessed Aug 2017).
14. Wells R. Tracking the tooth fairy: finding the trail. CAL 1983; 46: 1-8.
15. Dickens C. Frauds on the Fairies. Household Words 1853; VIII (184): 97.

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Reflections
Medical history

Neville Wran’s voice: how the Premier’s Teflon-coated vocal cords came unstuck

Evangelos Tseros, Faruque Riffat, Carsten E Palme, Hedley G Coleman and Narinder P Singh

Med J Aust 2017; 207 (11): . || doi: 10.5694/mja17.00198
Published online: 11 December 2017

ARTICLE
AUTHORS
REFERENCES

Topics

Surgical procedures, operative

Otorhinolaryngologic diseases

History and humanities

His gravelly voice became one of the successful politician’s most defining features

Neville Kenneth Wran was the colourful and charismatic Premier of New South Wales from 1976 to 1986. He was widely respected for his quick wit, engaging informality, and committed representation of blue collar voters. The youngest of eight siblings, he was born in 1926 and raised in the Sydney suburb of Balmain, then a working class stronghold of the Australian Labor Party1 (Box 1).

1 Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW
2 University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW
3 Institute for Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW

Correspondence: narinder.singh@sydney.edu.au

Competing interests:

No relevant disclosures.

1. Steketee M, Cockburn M. Wran: an unauthorised biography. Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1986.
2. Mallur PS, Rosen CA. Vocal fold injection: review of indications, techniques, and materials for augmentation. Clin Exp Otorhinolaryngol 2010; 3: 177-182.
3. Sanderson JD, Simpson CB. Laryngeal complications after lipoinjection for vocal fold augmentation. Laryngoscope 2009; 119: 1652-1657.
4. Meslemani D, Benninger MS. Coblation removal of laryngeal Teflon granulomas. Laryngoscope 2010; 120: 2018-2021.
5. Li L, Stiadle JM, Lau HK, et al. Tissue engineering-based therapeutic strategies for vocal fold repair and regeneration. Biomaterials 2016; 108: 91-110.
6. Friedrich G, Dikkers FG, Arens C, et al. Vocal fold scars: current concepts and future directions. Consensus report of the Phonosurgery Committee of the European Laryngological Society. Eur Arch Otolraryngol 2013; 270: 2491-2507.
7. Dailey SH, Ng K, Gunderson M, Petty B. Vocal fold reconstruction: a novel flap. Laryngoscope 2013; 123: 2793-2797.
8. Pagedar NA, Listinsky CM, Tucker HM. An unusual presentation of Teflon granuloma: case report and discussion. Ear Nose Throat J 2009; 88: 746-747.
9. Loehrl TA, Smith TL. Inflammatory and granulomatous lesions of the larynx and pharynx. Am J Med 2001; 111 Suppl 8A: 113s-117s.
10. Bramston T. Wran’s plan a way back for NSW Labor. The Australian (Sydney). 4 June 2011. http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/wrans-plan-a-way-back-for-nsw-labor/news-story/d434e7b75b1dd86d2b8da564b4d1d015 (accessed Sept 2017).

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Planetary health

Safeguarding the health of future generations

Elizabeth O'Brien

Med J Aust 2017; 207 (11): . || doi: 10.5694/mja17.p1112
Published online: 11 December 2017

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The planet will continue to revolve in the face of declining ecosystem health and diversity, but how will the human species fare in 20, or 200, years? Is there a health framework to resist the free market call to relentless expansion, economic growth and profit? What is our role as doctors in advocating for the voiceless, future inhabitants of this planet?

Port Macquarie Base Hospital, Port Macquarie, NSW

Correspondence: Elizabeth.OBrien@health.nsw.gov.au

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Editorials

The MJA 2017: the year in review, and looking forward to 2018

Nicholas J Talley

Med J Aust 2017; 207 (11): . || doi: 10.5694/mja17.01025
Published online: 11 December 2017

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Topics

Information science

In multicultural Australia, whatever your religious beliefs or cultural background, we celebrate together the summer holiday period and our shared values of family and community. On behalf of the entire MJA team, we welcome you to the 2017 Christmas issue of the Journal, a tradition in which we strive to amuse and entertain our readers over the holiday season.

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Editor-in-Chief, Medical Journal of Australia

Correspondence: Nicholas.Talley@newcastle.edu.au

Competing interests:

No relevant disclosures.

1. Talley NJ. A prize, an award and Christmas crackers: season’s greetings from the MJA. Med J Aust 2016; 205: 494-495. <MJA full text>
2. McCullough AR, Pollack AJ, Hansen MP, et al. Antibiotics for acute respiratory infections in general practice: comparison of prescribing rates with guideline recommendations. Med J Aust 2017; 207: 65-69. <MJA full text>
3. Moayyedi P, Yuan Y, Baharith H, Ford AC. Faecal microbiota transplantation for Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Med J Aust 2017; 207: 166-172. <MJA full text>
4. Archer BN, Chiu CK, Jayasinghe SH, et al. Epidemiology of invasive meningococcal B disease in Australia, 1999–2015: priority populations for vaccination. Med J Aust 2017; 207: 382-387. <MJA full text>
5. Tong EY, Roman CP, Mitra B, et al. Reducing medication errors in hospital discharge summaries: a randomised controlled trial. Med J Aust 2017; 206: 36-39. <MJA full text>
6. Chew DP, Scott IA, Cullen L, et al. National Heart Foundation of Australia and Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand: Australian clinical guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes 2016. Med J Aust 2016; 205: 128-133. <MJA full text>
7. Parsonage WA, Milburn T, Ashover S, et al. Implementing change: evaluating the Accelerated Chest pain Risk Evaluation (ACRE) project. Med J Aust 2017; 207: 201-205. <MJA full text>
8. Cullen L, Greenslade JH, Hawkins T, et al. Improved Assessment of Chest pain Trial (IMPACT): assessing patients with possible acute coronary syndromes. Med J Aust 2017; 207: 195-200. <MJA full text>
9. Chambers GM, Paul RC, Harris K, et al. Assisted reproductive technology in Australia and New Zealand: cumulative live birth rates as measures of success. Med J Aust 2017; 207: 114-118. <MJA full text>
10. Ibrahim JE, Bugeja L, Willoughby M, et al. Premature deaths of nursing home residents: an epidemiological analysis. Med J Aust 2017; 206: 442-447. <MJA full text>
11. Rakhra SS, Opdam HI, Gladkis L, et al. Untapped potential in Australian hospitals for organ donation after circulatory death. Med J Aust 2017; 207: 294-301. <MJA full text>
12. Playford D, Ngo H, Gupta S, Puddey IB. Opting for rural practice: the influence of medical student origin, intention and immersion experience. Med J Aust 2017; 207: 154-158. <MJA full text>

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Guideline summary

COPD-X Australian and New Zealand guidelines for the diagnosis and management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: 2017 update

Ian A Yang, Juliet L Brown, Johnson George, Sue Jenkins, Christine F McDonald, Vanessa M McDonald, Kirsten Phillips, Brian J Smith, Nicholas A Zwar and Eli Dabscheck

Med J Aust 2017; 207 (10): . || doi: 10.5694/mja17.00686
Published online: 20 November 2017

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Topics

General medicine

Respiratory tract diseases

Abstract

Introduction: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterised by persistent respiratory symptoms and chronic airflow limitation, and is associated with exacerbations and comorbidities. Advances in the management of COPD are updated quarterly in the national COPD guidelines, the COPD-X plan, published by Lung Foundation Australia in conjunction with the Thoracic Society of Australia and New Zealand and available at http://copdx.org.au.

Main recommendations:

Spirometry detects persistent airflow limitation (post-bronchodilator FEV₁/FVC < 0.7) and must be used to confirm the diagnosis.
Non-pharmacological and pharmacological therapies should be considered as they optimise function (ie, improve symptoms and quality of life) and prevent deterioration (ie, prevent exacerbations and reduce decline).
Pulmonary rehabilitation and regular exercise are highly beneficial and should be provided to all symptomatic COPD patients.
Short- and long-acting inhaled bronchodilators and, in more severe disease, anti-inflammatory agents (inhaled corticosteroids) should be considered in a stepwise approach.
Given the wide range of inhaler devices available, inhaler technique and adherence should be checked regularly.
Smoking cessation is essential, and influenza and pneumococcal vaccinations reduce the risk of exacerbations.
A plan of care should be developed with the multidisciplinary team. COPD action plans reduce hospitalisations and are recommended as part of COPD self-management.
Exacerbations should be managed promptly with bronchodilators, corticosteroids and antibiotics as appropriate to prevent hospital admission and delay COPD progression.
Comorbidities of COPD require identification and appropriate management.
Supportive, palliative and end-of-life care are beneficial for patients with advanced disease.
Education of patients, carers and clinicians, and a strong partnership between primary and tertiary care, facilitate evidence-based management of COPD.

Changes in management as result of the guideline: Spirometry remains the gold standard for diagnosing airflow obstruction and COPD. Non-pharmacological and pharmacological treatment should be used in a stepwise fashion to control symptoms and reduce exacerbation risk.

1 University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD
2 Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, QLD
3 COPD National Program, Lung Foundation Australia, Brisbane, QLD
4 Centre for Medicine Use and Safety, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC
5 Curtin University, Perth, WA
6 Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA
7 Austin Hospital, Melbourne, VIC
8 University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC
9 Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW
10 John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, NSW
11 Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, SA
12 University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW
13 Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC

Correspondence: ian.yang@health.qld.gov.au

Acknowledgements:

We thank Lung Foundation Australia and the Thoracic Society of Australia and New Zealand for their support in the preparation of these guidelines.

Competing interests:

The conflict of interest declarations for Ian Yang, Johnson George, Sue Jenkins, Christine McDonald, Vanessa McDonald, Brian Smith, Nick Zwar and Eli Dabscheck are listed on the Lung Foundation Australia website ().

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Medical education
Clinical skills

Spirometry: key to the diagnosis of respiratory disorders

John R Wheatley

Med J Aust 2017; 207 (10): . || doi: 10.5694/mja17.00684
Published online: 20 November 2017

ARTICLE
AUTHORS
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Respiratory tract diseases

Spirometry remains the cornerstone of respiratory function testing and is the key to diagnosing and monitoring the most common respiratory disorders. Spirometry measures how quickly the air can empty from the lungs (flow) and how much air can be moved during a maximal expiration (volume). It is a valuable clinical tool to detect diseases that impair respiratory function, help exclude respiratory disease as a cause of current symptoms, assess the severity of any impairment in function, and monitor the effects of any therapeutic intervention or of disease progression.

Westmead Hospital and University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW

Correspondence: john.wheatley@sydney.edu.au

Series editors

Balakrishnan (Kichu) Nair

Simon O’Connor

Competing interests:

No relevant disclosures.

1. Miller MR, Hankinson J, Brusasco V, et al. Standardisation of spirometry. Eur Respir J 2005; 26: 319-338.
2. Levy ML, Quanjer PH, Booker R, et al. Diagnostic spirometry in primary care: proposed standards for general practice compliant with American Thoracic Society and European Respiratory Society recommendations. Prim Care Respir J 2009; 18: 130-147.
3. Borg BM, Thompson BR, O’Hehir RE. Interpreting lung function tests: a step-by-step guide. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2014; pp 13-36.
4. Pellegrino R, Viegi G, Brusasco V, et al. Interpretative strategies for lung function tests. Eur Respir J 2005; 26: 948-968.
5. Quanjer PH, Stanojevic S, Cole TJ, et al. Multi-ethnic reference values for spirometry for the 3–95 year age range: the global lung function 2012 equations. Eur Respir J 2012; 40: 1324-1343.

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Perspectives

Legal does not mean unaccountable: suing tobacco companies to recover health care costs

Ross MacKenzie, Eric LeGresley and Mike Daube

Med J Aust 2017; 207 (10): . || doi: 10.5694/mja17.00310
Published online: 20 November 2017

ARTICLE
AUTHORS
REFERENCES

Topics

Environment and public health

Ethics and law

It is time for legal action to recover health care costs from the tobacco industry

Australia’s 2011 precedent-setting plain packaging legislation1 reinforced the country’s reputation within the tobacco industry as “the darkest market in the world”.2 The country’s commitment to tobacco control, and a declining national smoking rate that is among the lowest in the world should not, however, mislead the public or policy makers into a mistaken belief that tobacco is done.

1 Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW
2 Ottawa, ON, Canada
3 Curtin University, Perth, WA

Correspondence: ross.mackenzie@mq.edu.au

Acknowledgements:

Ross MacKenzie is supported by the National Cancer Institute, US National Institutes of Health, grant no. R01-CA091021.

Competing interests:

No relevant disclosures.

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2. Imperial Brands. Investor day. Transcript — quality growth: returns and growth — markets that matter. Imperial Brands, 2016. http://www.imperialbrandsplc.com/content/dam/imperial-brands/corporate/investors/presentations/investor-day/2016/Transcript%204%20-%20Markets%20that%20Matter.pdf.downloadasset.pdf (accessed June 2017).
3. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Risk factors to health. Tobacco smoking. Canberra: AIHW, 2017. https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/biomedical-risk-factors/risk-factors-to-health/contents/tobacco-smoking (accessed June 2017).
4. Banks E, Joshy G, Weber MF, et al. Tobacco smoking and all-cause mortality in a large Australian cohort study: findings from a mature epidemic with current low smoking prevalence. BMC Medicine 2015; 13: 38.
5. Australian Bureau of Statistics. National Health Survey: first results, 2014–15 [website]. Smoking (Cat. No. 4364.0.55.001). Canberra: ABS, 2016. http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/4364.0.55.001∼2014-15∼Main%20Features∼Smoking∼24 (accessed June 2017).
6. Collins DJ, Lapsley HM. The costs of tobacco, alcohol and illicit drug abuse to Australian society in 2004/05. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia, 2008. https://www.health.gov.au/internet/drugstrategy/publishing.nsf/Content/34F55AF632F67B70CA2573F60005D42B/$File/mono64.pdf (accessed Sept 2017).
7. Australian Senate. Official Committee Hansard. Community Affairs Legislation Committee: estimates; 19 October, 2016 (p 124). Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia; 2016. http://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/download/committees/estimate/4650dd36-4d76-41ee-8c11-5e0e508d3cb6/toc_pdf/Community%20Affairs%20Legislation%20Committee_2016_10_19_4519_Official.pdf;fileType=application%2Fpdf#search=%22committees/estimate/4650dd36-4d76-41ee-8c11-5e0e508d3cb6/0002%22 (accessed June 2017).
8. Bonevski B, Borland R, Paul CL, et al, No smoker left behind: it’s time to tackle tobacco in Australian priority populations. Med J Aust 2017; 207: 141-142. <MJA full text>
9. Freeman B. Challenging how tobacco is sold in Australia. Med J Aust 2017; 207: 417-418.e1.
10. Davey M. Tobacco industry “should be sued by government” over smokers’ health costs. The Guardian 2015; 25 February. https://www.theguardian.com/society/2015/feb/25/tobacco-industry-should-be-sued-by-government-over-smokers-health-costs (accessed June 2017).
11. Public Health Law Center, Mitchell Hamline School of Law. Tobacco control litigation. Public Health Law Center, 2017. http://publichealthlawcenter.org/topics/tobacco-control/tobacco-control-litigation (accessed June 2017).
12. Kalra A, Bansal P, Wilson D, Lasseter T. Exclusive: documents reveal Philip Morris’ campaign to subvert the world’s anti-smoking treaty. Reuters 2017, 13 July. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pmi-who-fctc-tobacco-exclusive-idUSKBN19Y1DN (accessed July 2017).
13. Glenza J. Tobacco companies interfere with health regulations, WHO reports. The Guardian 2017, 19 July. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jul/19/tobacco-industry-government-policy-interference-regulations (accessed July 2017).
14. Attorney-General’s Department. Tobacco plain packaging — investor-state arbitration [website]. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia, 2012. https://www.ag.gov.au/tobaccoplainpackaging (accessed June 2017).
15. World Health Organization, Tobacco Free Initiative. International tribunal upholds states’ rights to protect health through tobacco control. Geneva: WHO, 2016. http://www.who.int/tobacco/communications/news/international-legal-tribunal-states-right-to-protect-health/en (accessed June 2017).
16. Reuters. Tobacco industry suffers defeat as WTO upholds Australia’s plain packaging laws. The Guardian 2017, 5 May. https://www.theguardian.com/global/2017/may/05/australias-defeats-wto-challenge-to-plain-packaging-of-tobacco (accessed July 2017).
17. World Health Organization. WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. Geneva: WHO, 2005. http://www.who.int/fctc/en (accessed June 2017).
18. British Columbia. Tobacco litigation. http://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/health/keeping-bc-healthy-safe/tobacco-vapour/tobacco-litigation (accessed July 2017).
19. University of California, San Francisco Library. Truth Tobacco Industry Documents. 2017. https://industrydocuments.library.ucsf.edu/tobacco (accessed June 2017).
20. Shanahan L. Roxon sizes up lawsuit against Big Tobacco companies. The Australian 2011, 14 December. http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/health/roxon-sizes-up-lawsuit-against-big-tobacco-companies/news-story/41d20e27a3b5d68319b7843031c06d88 (accessed Sept 2017).
21. Department of Finance. Budget 2016–2017 [website]. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia, 2017. http://budget.gov.au/2016-17/content/glossies/tax_super/html/tax_super-05.htm (accessed June 2017).
22. Turnbull M, MP. Small Business Breakfast with Steve Irons MP. 15 June 2016. https://www.malcolmturnbull.com.au/media/small-business-breakfast-with-steve-irons-mp (accessed June 2017).

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Do you have any competing interests to declare? *

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Do you have any competing interests to declare? *

Spirometry: key to the diagnosis of respiratory disorders

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Author

Comment

Do you have any competing interests to declare? *

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Topics

Author

Comment

Do you have any competing interests to declare? *

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Author

Comment

Do you have any competing interests to declare? *

Determining the contribution of Streptococcus pneumoniae to community-acquired pneumonia in Australia

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Abstract

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Pagination