MJA
MJA

Advancing menopause care in Australia: barriers and opportunities

Susan R Davis and Karen Magraith
Med J Aust 2023; 218 (11): . || doi: 10.5694/mja2.51981
Published online: 19 June 2023

Lack of clinician knowledge, poor access to services, negative attitudes, and lagging research have led to substandard menopause‐related health care

The menopause is the permanent loss of ovarian reproductive function. Irrespective of symptoms, menopause causes silent biological changes that may increase women's risks of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, osteoporosis, and some cancers.1 Consequently, it should be expected that health care providers, especially general practitioners, are equipped to provide evidence‐based menopause advice to the 3.28 million Australian women aged 40–59 years. Sadly, this is not the case.

Please login with your free MJA account to view this article in full


Please note: institutional and Research4Life access to the MJA is now provided through Wiley Online Library.

Online responses are no longer available. Please refer to our instructions for authors page for more information.

Reimagining medical abortion in Australia: what do we need to do to meet women's needs and ensure ongoing access?

Danielle Mazza
Med J Aust 2023; 218 (11): . || doi: 10.5694/mja2.51979
Published online: 19 June 2023

There is much to be done to make high quality, accessible medical abortion a reality in Australia

The overturning of Roe v Wade in the United States has renewed impetus in Australia to ensure the availability of high quality, accessible abortion services. But decriminalisation and the availability of medical abortion do not in and of themselves mandate service delivery or ensure access. Numerous barriers continue to exist. These include issues such as inconsistent abortion laws, over‐regulation, lack of regional level planning and accountability for service delivery, sparse and inconsistent services across the country, inadequate numbers of skilled providers, a lack of training opportunities for the current and future workforce, and consumer concerns such as high costs and difficulty navigating services.

Please login with your free MJA account to view this article in full


Please note: institutional and Research4Life access to the MJA is now provided through Wiley Online Library.


  • Monash University, Melbourne, VIC


Correspondence: danielle.mazza@monash.edu


Open access:

Open access publishing facilitated by Monash University, as part of the Wiley ‐ Monash University agreement via the Council of Australian University Librarians.


Competing interests:

No relevant disclosures.

Online responses are no longer available. Please refer to our instructions for authors page for more information.

Mortality among people admitted to Australian intensive care units for reasons other than COVID‐19 during the COVID‐19 pandemic: a retrospective cohort study

Sing Chee Tan, Tess Evans, Matthew L Durie, Paul J Secombe and David Pilcher
Med J Aust 2023; 218 (10): . || doi: 10.5694/mja2.51933
Published online: 5 June 2023

Abstract

Objective: To investigate in‐hospital mortality among people admitted to Australian intensive care units (ICUs) with conditions other than coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) during the COVID‐19 pandemic.

Design: National, multicentre, retrospective cohort study; analysis of data in the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society Centre for Outcome and Resource Evaluation (ANZICS CORE) Adult Patient Database.

Setting, participants: Adults (16 years or older) without COVID‐19 admitted to Australian ICUs, 1 January 2016 – 30 June 2022.

Main outcome measures: All‐cause in‐hospital mortality, unadjusted and relative to the January 2016 value, adjusted for illness severity (Australian and New Zealand Risk of Death [ANZROD] and hospital type), with ICU as a random effect. Points of change in mortality trends (breakpoints) were identified by segmental regression analysis.

Results: Data for 950 489 eligible admissions to 186 ICUs were available. In‐hospital mortality declined steadily from January 2016 to March 2021 by 0.3% per month (P < 0.001; March 2021 v January 2016: adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.62–0.80), but rose by 1.4% per month during March 2021 – June 2022 (P < 0.001; June 2022 v January 2016: aOR, 1.03; 95% CI, 0.90–1.17). The rise in mortality continued after the number of COVID‐19‐related ICU admissions had declined; mortality increased in jurisdictions with lower as well as in those with higher numbers of COVID‐19‐related ICU admissions.

Conclusion: The rise in in‐hospital mortality among people admitted to Australian ICUs with conditions other than COVID‐19 from March 2021 reversed the improvement of the preceding five years. Changes to health service delivery during the pandemic and their consequences should be investigated further.

Please login with your free MJA account to view this article in full


Please note: institutional and Research4Life access to the MJA is now provided through Wiley Online Library.


  • 1 Northern Hospital Epping, Melbourne, VIC
  • 2 The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC
  • 3 Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA
  • 4 Melbourne Health, Melbourne, VIC
  • 5 Alice Springs Hospital, Alice Springs, NT
  • 6 Monash University, Melbourne, VIC
  • 7 The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC
  • 8 Centre for Outcome and Resource Evaluation Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society, Melbourne, VIC


Open access:

Open access publishing facilitated by The University of Melbourne, as part of the Wiley ‐ The University of Melbourne agreement via the Council of Australian University Librarians.


Acknowledgements: 

We thank the Australia New Zealand Intensive Care Society (ANZICS) Centre for Outcomes and Resource Evaluation (CORE) for providing the data we analysed. The authors and the management committees of ANZICS CORE also thank the clinicians, data collectors, and researchers at the contributing sites.

Competing interests:

No relevant disclosures.

  • 1. Riley B, Packer M, Gallier S, et al. Acute, non‐COVID related medical admissions during the first wave of COVID‐19: A retrospective comparison of changing patterns of disease. Acute Med 2020; 19: 176‐182.
  • 2. Chan DZ, Stewart RA, Kerr AJ, et al. The impact of a national COVID‐19 lockdown on acute coronary syndrome hospitalisations in New Zealand. Lancet Reg Health West Pac 2020; 5: 100056.
  • 3. Corrigan C, Duke G, Millar J, et al; Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society Pediatric Study Group; ANZICS Center for Outcome and Resource Evaluation. Admissions of children and adolescents with deliberate self‐harm to intensive care during the SARS‐COV‐2 outbreak in Australia. JAMA Netw Open 2022; 5: e2211692.
  • 4. Fjølner J, Haaland ØA, Jung C, et al. Who gets the ventilator? A multicentre survey of intensivists’ opinions of triage during the first wave of the COVID‐19 pandemic. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2022; 66: 859‐868.
  • 5. Vidal‐Cortés P, Martín MC, Díaz E, et al. Impact of one year of pandemic on Spanish Intensive Care Units. Rev Esp Quimioter 2022; 35: 392‐400.
  • 6. Topple M, Jaspers R, Watterson J, et al. Nursing workforce deployment and intensive care unit strain during the COVID‐19 pandemic in Victoria, Australia. Aust Crit Care 2022; 36: 84‐91.
  • 7. Rewa OG, Stelfox HT, Ingolfsson A, et al. Indicators of intensive care unit capacity strain: a systematic review. Crit Care 2018; 22: 86.
  • 8. Kaukonen KM, Bailey M, Suzuki S, et al. Mortality related to severe sepsis and septic shock among critically ill patients in Australia and New Zealand, 2000–2012. JAMA 2014; 311: 1308‐1316.
  • 9. Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society. ANZICS Centre for Outcomes and Resource Evaluation: 2019 annual report. Melbourne, 2020. https://www.anzics.com.au/wp‐content/uploads/2020/11/2019‐CORE‐Report.pdf (viewed Sept 2022).
  • 10. Paul E, Bailey M, Kasza J, Pilcher D. The ANZROD model: better benchmarking of ICU outcomes and detection of outliers. Crit Care Resusc 2016; 18: 25‐36.
  • 11. von Elm E, Altman DG, Egger M, et al; STROBE Initiative. Strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. BMJ 2007; 335: 806.
  • 12. Heidari S, Babor TF, De Castro P, et al. Sex and Gender Equity in Research: rationale for the SAGER guidelines and recommended use. Res Integr Peer Rev 2016; 1: 2.
  • 13. Zampieri FG, Bastos LSL, Soares M, et al. The association of the COVID‐19 pandemic and short‐term outcomes of non‐COVID‐19 critically ill patients: an observational cohort study in Brazilian ICUs. Intensive Care Med 2021; 47: 1440‐1449.
  • 14. Indian Registry of IntenSive care (IRIS); Kj Adhikari N, Beane A, Devaprasad D, et al. Impact of COVID‐19 on non‐COVID intensive care unit service utilization, case mix and outcomes: a registry‐based analysis from India. Wellcome Open Res 2021; 6: 159.
  • 15. Bologheanu R, Maleczek M, Laxar D, Kimberger O. Outcomes of non‐COVID‐19 critically ill patients during the COVID‐19 pandemic : a retrospective propensity score‐matched analysis. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2021; 133: 942‐950.
  • 16. Litton E, Bucci T, Chavan S, et al. Surge capacity of Australian intensive care units associated with COVID‐19 admissions. Med J Aust 2020; 212: 463‐467. https://www.mja.com.au/journal/2020/212/10/surge‐capacity‐intensive‐care‐units‐case‐acute‐increase‐demand‐caused‐covid‐19
  • 17. Begum H, Neto AS, Alliegro P, et al. People in intensive care with COVID‐19: demographic and clinical features during the first, second, and third pandemic waves in Australia. Med J Aust 2022; 217: 352‐360. https://www.mja.com.au/journal/2022/217/7/people‐intensive‐care‐covid‐19‐demographic‐and‐clinical‐features‐during‐first
  • 18. Mogharab V, Ostovar M, Ruszkowski J, et al. Global burden of the COVID‐19 associated patient‐related delay in emergency healthcare: a panel of systematic review and meta‐analyses. Glob Health 2022; 18: 58.
  • 19. Tan SC, Cross A, Ghosh A. Impact of lockdowns on critical care service demand in a metropolitan hospital in Melbourne, Australia. Emerg Med Australas 2022; 34: 52‐57.
  • 20. Halcomb E, Fernandez R, Ashley C, et al. The impact of COVID‐19 on primary health care delivery in Australia. J Adv Nurs 2022; 78: 1327‐1336.
  • 21. Sutherland K, Chessman J, Zhao J, et al. Impact of COVID‐19 on healthcare activity in NSW, Australia. Public Health Res Pract 2020; 30: 3042030.
  • 22. Mannix K. The future of Australia's nursing workforce: COVID‐19 and burnout among nurses. University of Melbourne, Dec 2021. https://www.unimelb.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/4085194/katelyn_mannix_report.pdf (viewed Sept 2022).
  • 23. Litton E, Huckson S, Chavan S, et al. Increasing ICU capacity to accommodate higher demand during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Med J Aust 2021; 215: 513‐517. https://www.mja.com.au/journal/2021/215/11/increasing‐icu‐capacity‐accommodate‐higher‐demand‐during‐covid‐19‐pandemic
  • 24. Lyall MJ, Lone NI. Higher clinical acuity and 7‐day hospital mortality in non‐COVID‐19 acute medical admissions: prospective observational study. Emerg Med J 2021; 38: 366‐370.
  • 25. Pilcher D, Coatsworth NR, Rosenow M, McClure J. A national system for monitoring intensive care unit demand and capacity: the Critical Health Resources Information System (CHRIS). Med J Aust 2021; 214: 297‐298. https://www.mja.com.au/journal/2021/214/7/national‐system‐monitoring‐intensive‐care‐unit‐demand‐and‐capacity‐critical
Online responses are no longer available. Please refer to our instructions for authors page for more information.

The characteristics of SARS‐CoV‐2‐positive children in Australian hospitals: a PREDICT network study

Laila Ibrahim, Catherine Wilson, Doris Tham, Mark Corden, Shefali Jani, Michael Zhang, Amit Kochar, Ker Fern Tan, Shane George, Natalie T Phillips, Paul Buntine, Karen Robins‐Browne, Vimuthi Chong, Thomas Georgeson, Anna Lithgow, Sarah Davidson, Sharon O'Brien, Viet Tran and Franz E Babl
Med J Aust 2023; 218 (10): . || doi: 10.5694/mja2.51934
Published online: 5 June 2023

Abstract

Objectives: To examine the clinical characteristics and short term outcomes for children with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infections who presented to Australian hospitals during 2020 and 2021.

Design, setting: Retrospective case review study in nineteen hospitals of the Paediatric Research in Emergency Departments International Collaborative (PREDICT) network from all Australian states and territories, including seven major paediatric tertiary centres and eight Victorian hospitals.

Participants: SARS‐CoV‐2‐positive people under 18 years of age who attended emergency departments or were admitted to hospital during 1 February 2020 – 31 December 2021.

Main outcome measures: Epidemiological and clinical characteristics, by hospital care type (emergency department [ED] or inpatient care).

Results: A total of 1193 SARS‐CoV‐2‐positive children and adolescents (527 girls, 44%) attended the participating hospitals (107 in 2020, 1086 in 2021). Their median age was 3.8 years (interquartile range [IQR], 0.8–11.4 years); 63 were Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander people (5%). Other medical conditions were recorded for 293 children (25%), including asthma (86, 7%) and premature birth (68, 6%). Medical interventions were not required during 795 of 1181 ED presentations (67%); children were discharged directly home in 764 cases (65%) and admitted to hospital in 282 (24%; sixteen to intensive care units). The 384 admissions to hospital (including 102 direct admissions) of 341 children (25 infants under one month of age) included 23 to intensive care (6%); the median length of stay was three days (IQR, 1–9 days). Medical interventions were not required during 261 admissions (68%); 44 children received respiratory support (11%) and 21 COVID‐19‐specific treatments, including antiviral and biologic agents (5%). Being under three months of age (v one year to less than six years: odds ratio [OR], 2.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.7–4.0) and pre‐existing medical conditions (OR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.9–3.2) were the major predictors of hospital admission. Two children died, including one without a known pre‐existing medical condition.

Conclusion: During 2020 and 2021, most SARS‐CoV‐2‐positive children and adolescents who presented to participating hospitals could be managed as outpatients. Outcomes were generally good, including for those admitted to hospital.

Please login with your free MJA account to view this article in full


Please note: institutional and Research4Life access to the MJA is now provided through Wiley Online Library.


  • 1 Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC
  • 2 Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC
  • 3 PREDICT Research Network, Melbourne, VIC
  • 4 Western Health, Melbourne, VIC
  • 5 Northern Hospital Epping, Melbourne, VIC
  • 6 The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW
  • 7 The Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, the University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW
  • 8 John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, NSW
  • 9 Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, SA
  • 10 Auburn Hospital, Sydney, NSW
  • 11 University of Notre Dame, Sydney, NSW
  • 12 Gold Coast University Hospital, Gold Coast, QLD
  • 13 Child Health Research Centre, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD
  • 14 Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD
  • 15 Eastern Health, Melbourne, VIC
  • 16 Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC
  • 17 University Hospital Geelong, Geelong, VIC
  • 18 Austin Hospital, Melbourne, VIC
  • 19 Canberra Hospital, Canberra, ACT
  • 20 Royal Darwin and Palmerston Hospital, Darwin, NT
  • 21 Sunshine Coast University Hospital, Sunshine Coast, QLD
  • 22 Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, WA
  • 23 Curtin University, Perth, WA
  • 24 Royal Hobart Hospital, Hobart, TAS
  • 25 Tasmanian School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS
  • 26 The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC


Correspondence: laila.ibrahim@mcri.edu.au

Open access:

Open access publishing facilitated by The University of Melbourne, as part of the Wiley – The University of Melbourne agreement via the Council of Australian University Librarians.


Acknowledgements: 

We acknowledge the support of the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) through a Centre of Research Excellence grant for Paediatric Emergency Medicine (1171228), which also supported Catherine Wilson, who coordinated the study and data collection across the PREDICT network. Franz Babl is supported by an NHMRC Practitioner Fellowship (1124468), which partially supported his role as a senior author and principal investigator for this study.

We also acknowledge the assistance of the hospital staff who assisted with data retrieval: Katrina Pandey and James Gaston (Sunshine Hospital, Western Health); Deepali Thosar (the Children's Hospital at Westmead); Giles Barrington (Royal Hobart Health Service); Amelia Skaczkowski (Royal Darwin Hospital); Jo Miller, Ethan Fernandes, Andrew McGlinchy, Ye Yang Tham, and Olivia Slifirski (Eastern Health: Box Hill, Maroondah, and Angliss hospitals); Gaby Nieva and Lara Caruso (Adelaide Women's and Children's Hospital); Angus Jones and Alyce Callaghan (Queensland Children's Hospital); and Nitaa Eapen, Yilin Liu, Karen Lu, Violet Sattari Bahri, Michael Wojno, Haoyue Zhang, and Zahra Ataie‐Ashtiani (Royal Children's Hospital).

Competing interests:

No relevant disclosures.

  • 1. 2019‐nCoV National Incident Room Surveillance Team. 2019‐nCoV acute respiratory disease, Australia: epidemiology report 1 (reporting week 26 January – 1 February 2020). Commun Dis Intell (2018) 2020; 44.
  • 2. Ibrahim LF, Tosif S, McNab S, et al. SARS‐CoV‐2 testing and outcomes in the first 30 days after the first case of COVID‐19 at an Australian children's hospital. Emerg Med Australas 2020; 32: 801‐808.
  • 3. Ibrahim LF, Tham D, Chong V, et al. The characteristics of SARS‐CoV‐2‐positive children who presented to Australian hospitals during 2020: a PREDICT network study. Med J Aust 2021; 215: 217‐221. https://www.mja.com.au/journal/2021/215/5/characteristics‐sars‐cov‐2‐positive‐children‐who‐presented‐australian‐hospitals
  • 4. COVID‐19 National Incident Room Surveillance Team. COVID‐19 Australia: epidemiology report 56: reporting period ending 5 December 2021. Commun Dis Intell (2018) 2021; 45.
  • 5. Zimmermann P, Curtis N. Why is COVID‐19 less severe in children? A review of the proposed mechanisms underlying the age‐related difference in severity of SARS‐CoV‐2 infections. Arch Dis Child 2021; 106: 429‐439.
  • 6. Neeland MR, Bannister S, Clifford V, et al. Innate cell profiles during the acute and convalescent phase of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection in children. Nat Commun 2021; 12: 1084.
  • 7. Zimmermann P, Pittet LF, Finn A, et al. Should children be vaccinated against COVID‐19? Arch Dis Child 2022; 107: e1.
  • 8. Mediavilla R, Fernández‐Jiménez E, Martinez‐Morata I, et al. Sustained negative mental health outcomes among healthcare workers over the first year of the COVID‐19 pandemic: a prospective cohort study. Int J Public Health 2022; 67: 1604553.
  • 9. Hoang KTA, Morris RW, Naehrig DN, Glozier N. The comparative mental health of Australian doctors before and during COVID‐19: a population‐based approach. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2022; 57: 511‐519.
  • 10. Harris PA, Taylor R, Thielke R, et al. Research electronic data capture (REDCap): a metadata‐driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support. J Biomed Inform 2009; 42: 377‐381.
  • 11. Fraile Navarro D, Tendal B, Tingay D, et al. Clinical care of children and adolescents with COVID‐19: recommendations from the National COVID‐19 Clinical Evidence Taskforce. Med J Aust 2022; 216: 255‐263. https://www.mja.com.au/journal/2022/216/5/clinical‐care‐children‐and‐adolescents‐covid‐19‐recommendations‐national‐covid
  • 12. Funk AL, Florin TA, Kuppermann N, et al; Pediatric Emergency Research Network‐COVID‐19 Study Team. Outcomes of SARS‐CoV‐2‐positive youths tested in emergency departments: the Global PERN‐COVID‐19 Study. JAMA Netw Open 2022; 5: e2142322.
  • 13. Williams P, Koirala A, Saravanos GL, et al. COVID‐19 in New South Wales children during 2021: severity and clinical spectrum. Med J Aust 2022; 217: 303‐310. https://www.mja.com.au/journal/2022/217/6/covid‐19‐new‐south‐wales‐children‐during‐2021‐severity‐and‐clinical‐spectrum
  • 14. Zimmermann P, Uka A, Buettcher M, et al; Swiss Paediatric Surveillance Unit. Neonates with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection: spectrum of disease from a prospective nationwide observational cohort study. Swiss Med Wkly 2022; 152: w30185.
  • 15. Carison A, Babl FE, O'Donnell SM. Increased paediatric emergency mental health and suicidality presentations during COVID‐19 stay at home restrictions. Emerg Med Australas 2022; 34: 85‐91.
  • 16. Hiscock H, Chu W, O'Reilly G, et al. Association between COVID‐19 restrictions and emergency department presentations for paediatric mental health in Victoria, Australia. Aust Health Rev 2022; 46: 529‐536.
  • 17. Eden JS, Sikazwe C, Xie R, et al; Australian RSV study group. Off‐season RSV epidemics in Australia after easing of COVID‐19 restrictions. Nat Commun 2022; 13: 2884.
  • 18. Kaji AH, Schriger D, Green S. Looking through the retrospectoscope: reducing bias in emergency medicine chart review studies. Ann Emerg Med 2014; 64: 292‐298.
  • 19. Wolter N, Jassat W, Walaza S, et al. Early assessment of the clinical severity of the SARS‐CoV‐2 omicron variant in South Africa: a data linkage study. Lancet 2022; 399: 437‐446.
Online responses are no longer available. Please refer to our instructions for authors page for more information.

Long COVID in Australia: achieving equitable access to supportive health care

Tania C Sorrell, Martin Hensher and Lena A Sanci
Med J Aust 2023; 218 (10): . || doi: 10.5694/mja2.51950
Published online: 5 June 2023

Our stressed health system needs innovative solutions to care adequately for people with post‐COVID‐19 conditions

The post-coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) condition or syndrome (“long COVID”) is defined as the persistence of existing symptoms or the development of new symptoms, without an alternative explanation, three months after an initial acute severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. The symptoms, of varying and inconstant severity, can impair everyday functioning. Although long COVID can affect many body systems, the most frequent symptoms are fatigue, shortness of breath, and cognitive dysfunction.1 Long COVID lasting more than twelve weeks is estimated to affect 5–10% of people in Australia who have had COVID-19,2 but lower rates following SARS-CoV-2 infections since 2022 have recently been reported in the United Kingdom (4.0% of first infections in adults, 2.4% of re-infections).3

Please login with your free MJA account to view this article in full


Please note: institutional and Research4Life access to the MJA is now provided through Wiley Online Library.


  • 1 Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, the University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW
  • 2 Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania College of Health and Medicine, Hobart, TAS
  • 3 Melbourne Medical School, the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC


Correspondence: tania.sorrell@sydney.edu.au

Acknowledgements: 

We acknowledge the work of the fellows of the Australian Academy of Health and Medical Sciences and the Australian Academy of Science and of other experts who contributed to a joint written submission to the Parliamentary Inquiry into Long COVID and Repeated COVID Infections and a subsequent roundtable discussion with the Standing Committee on Health, Aged Care and Sport. The final report of the Standing Committee was released on 24 April 2023.13 The Minister for Health and Aged Care, the Hon. Mark Butler MP, subsequently announced that $50 million would be provided from the Medical Research Future Fund for long COVID research.14

Competing interests:

Martin Hensher was a member of the National COVID‐19 Health and Research Advisory Committee Working Group on Long COVID (unremunerated). Lena Sanci co‐leads the long COVID project in APPRISE (Australian Partnership for Preparedness Research on Infectious Disease Emergencies, a Centre for Research Excellence. Tania Sorrell is a chief investigator and an executive member of APPRISE, but has received no remuneration in relation to the Long COVID project.

Online responses are no longer available. Please refer to our instructions for authors page for more information.

Upholding our rights in research: calling for urgent investment in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health research ethics

Michelle Kennedy and Janine Mohamed
Med J Aust || doi: 10.5694/mja2.51951
Published online: 5 June 2023

Growth in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health research requires urgent investment in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander ethical governance

Indigenous peoples have been conducting research to understand complex systems of knowledge since time immemorial.1 The embodiment of principles aligned with Indigenous ways of knowing, being and doing is central to the legacy of this expert research practice. In this perspective article, we draw on our lived experiences and a review on the field of practice of ethical research.

Please login with your free MJA account to view this article in full


Please note: institutional and Research4Life access to the MJA is now provided through Wiley Online Library.


  • 1 University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW
  • 2 Lowitja Institute, Melbourne, VIC


Open access

Open access publishing facilitated by The University of Newcastle, as part of the Wiley ‐ The University of Newcastle agreement via the Council of Australian University Librarians.


Competing interests:

No relevant disclosures.

Online responses are no longer available. Please refer to our instructions for authors page for more information.

Commercial determinants of human rights: for‐profit health care and housing

Jennifer Lacy‐Nichols, Rebecca Bentley and Adam G Elshaug
Med J Aust || doi: 10.5694/mja2.51982
Published online: 5 June 2023

What do the commercial determinants of health look like for goods and services that are human rights?

Follow the money. This is the premise driving commercial determinants of health (CDoH) research. Why do children see gambling advertisements when they watch professional sports? Why do vapes have cartoon logos and candy flavours? Why don't we have better implementation of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control? Why has progress stagnated on the Paris Climate deal? Money, profits and power cut through all these issues.

Please login with your free MJA account to view this article in full


Please note: institutional and Research4Life access to the MJA is now provided through Wiley Online Library.


  • 1 Centre for Health Policy, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC
  • 2 Menzies Centre for Health Policy and Economics, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW


Open access

Open access publishing facilitated by The University of Melbourne, as part of the Wiley ‐ The University of Melbourne agreement via the Council of Australian University Librarians.


Competing interests:

Jennifer Lacy‐Nichols is the recipient of a Fellowship from the Victorian Health Promotion Foundation. Adam Elshaug is Ministerially appointed to the Strengthening Medicare Taskforce and the Medicare Benefits Schedule Review Advisory Committee (MRAC); is health economic and policy advisor to Cancer Australia; is a member of the Research Partnership Advisory Group (translational research priorities 2022–24), Victorian Government Department of Health; is a member of the Victorian Perioperative Learning Health Network Advisory Group (Safer Care Victoria);and holds grants from the National Health and Medical Research Council and the Medical Research Future Fund.

  • 1. Gilmore AB, Fabbri A, Baum F, et al. Defining and conceptualising the commercial determinants of health. Lancet 2023; 401: 1194‐1213.
  • 2. van Schalkwyk MCI, Petticrew M, Cassidy R, et al. A public health approach to gambling regulation: countering powerful influences. Lancet Public Health 2021; 6: e614‐e619.
  • 3. Hyder AA, Werbick M, Scannelli L, Paichadze N. The COVID‐19 pandemic exposes another commercial determinant of health: the global firearm industry. Glob Health Sci Pract 2021; 9: 264‐267.
  • 4. Klein DE, Lima JM. The prison industrial complex as a commercial determinant of health. Am J Public Health 2021; 111: 1750‐1752.
  • 5. Zenone M, Kenworthy N, Maani N. The social media industry as a commercial determinant of health. Int J Health Policy Manag 2022; 12: 6840.
  • 6. Freudenberg N. Lethal but legal: corporations, consumption, and protecting public health. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014.
  • 7. Loewenson R, Godt S, Chanda‐Kapata P. Asserting public health interest in acting on commercial determinants of health in sub‐Saharan Africa: insights from a discourse analysis. BMJ Glob Health 2022; 7: e009271.
  • 8. Schrecker T, Birn AE, Aguilera M. How extractive industries affect health: Political economy underpinnings and pathways. Health Place 2018; 52: 135‐147.
  • 9. Lee K, Freudenberg N, Zenone M, et al. Measuring the commercial determinants of health and disease: a proposed framework. Int J Health Serv 2022; 52: 115‐128.
  • 10. United Nations. Universal Declaration of Human Rights. https://www.un.org/en/about‐us/universal‐declaration‐of‐human‐rights (viewed Feb 2023).
  • 11. Australian Government, Attorney‐General's Department. Right to health: public sector guidance sheet [website]. https://www.ag.gov.au/rights‐and‐protections/human‐rights‐and‐anti‐discrimination/human‐rights‐scrutiny/public‐sector‐guidance‐sheets/right‐health#:~:text=The%20UN%20Committee%20on%20Economic,living%20a%20life%20in%20dignity (viewed Feb 2023).
  • 12. Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. Universal Declaration of Human Rights at 70: 30 articles on 30 articles — article 25. United Nations, 2018. https://www.ohchr.org/en/press‐releases/2018/12/universal‐declaration‐human‐rights‐70‐30‐articles‐30‐articles‐article‐25 (viewed Feb 2023).
  • 13. Angell M. The truth about the drug companies: how they deceive us and what to do about it. New York: Random House, 2004.
  • 14. Australian Securities and Investments Commission. Review of buy now pay later arrangements, November 2018. https://download.asic.gov.au/media/4957540/rep600‐published‐07‐dec‐2018.pdf (viewed Feb 2023).
  • 15. Duckett S. Saving private health 2: making private health insurance viable. Melbourne: Grattan Institute, 2019. https://grattan.edu.au/report/saving‐private‐health‐2/ (viewed Apr 2023).
  • 16. Gaynor M. Martin Gaynor testimony “Diagnosing the problem: exploring the effects of consolidation and anticompetitive conduct in health care markets,” House Judiciary Committee [7 Mar 2019]. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG‐116hhrg42318/pdf/CHRG‐116hhrg42318.pdf (viewed Feb 2023).
  • 17. Post B, Buchmueller T, Ryan AM. Vertical integration of hospitals and physicians: economic theory and empirical evidence on spending and quality. Med Care Res Rev 2018; 75: 399‐433.
  • 18. Pulok MH, van Gool K, Hall J. The link between out‐of‐pocket costs and inequality in specialist care in Australia. Aust Health Rev 2022; 46: 652‐629.
  • 19. Fisher M, Baum F, Kay A, Friel S. Are changes in Australian national primary healthcare policy likely to promote or impede equity of access? A narrative review. Aust J Prim Health 2017; 23: 209‐215.
  • 20. Erny‐Albrecht K, Bywood P. Corporatisation of general practice — impact and implications. PHCRIS policy issue review. Adelaide: Primary Health Care Research and Information Service, 2016.
  • 21. Bambra C, Gibson M, Sowden A, et al. Tackling the wider social determinants of health and health inequalities: evidence from systematic reviews. J Epidemiol Community Health 2010; 64: 284‐291.
  • 22. Urban Reform Institute, Frontier Centre for Public Policy. International housing affordability. Demographia, 2023. http://www.demographia.com/dhi.pdf (viewed Apr 2023).
  • 23. Bentley R, Baker E, Ronald R, et al. Housing affordability and mental health: an analysis of generational change. Housing Studies 2022; 37: 1842‐1857.
  • 24. Pawson H, Lilley D. Managing access to social housing in Australia: unpacking policy frameworks and service provision outcomes. Sydney: UNSW City Futures Research Centre, 2022.
  • 25. Mishra SR, Wilson T, Andrabi H, et al. The total health gains and cost savings of eradicating cold housing in Australia. Soc Sci Med 2023; doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.115954.
  • 26. Wynne L, Ruming K, Shrestha P, Rogers D. The marketisation of social housing in New South Wales. In: Meagher G, Stebbing A, Perche D; editors. Designing social service markets. Canberra: ANU Press; 2022.
  • 27. Australian Bureau of Statistics. December quarter 2022, Total value of dwellings. ABS, 2022. https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/economy/price‐indexes‐and‐inflation/total‐value‐dwellings/latest‐release (viewed Feb 2023).
  • 28. Gurran N, Phibbs P. How the Property Council is shaping the debate around negative gearing, taxes. The Conversation 2016; 17 June. https://theconversation.com/how‐the‐property‐council‐is‐shaping‐the‐debate‐around‐negative‐gearing‐taxes‐61006 (viewed May 2023).
  • 29. Property Council of Australia. New Victorian apartment design guidelines [website]. Property Council of Australia, 2021. https://www.propertycouncil.com.au/news/new‐victorian‐apartment‐design‐guidelines (viewed May 2023).
  • 30. Friel S, Collin J, Daube M, et al. Commercial determinants of health: future directions. Lancet 2023; 401: 1229‐1240.
  • 31. Manahan MA, Kumar M. The great takeover: mapping of multistakeholderism in global governance. Amsterdam: Transnational Institute, 2022. https://www.tni.org/en/publication/the‐great‐takeover (viewed Feb 2023).
  • 32. Lacy‐Nichols J, Nandi S, Mialon M, et al. Conceptualising commercial entities in public health: beyond unhealthy commodities and transnational corporations. Lancet 2023; 401: 1214‐1228.
Online responses are no longer available. Please refer to our instructions for authors page for more information.

The impact on poisonings of up‐scheduling of modified release paracetamol to Schedule 3 (pharmacist only medicine)

Rose Cairns, Firouzeh Noghrehchi and Nicholas A Buckley
Med J Aust 2023; 218 (9): . || doi: 10.5694/mja2.51888
Published online: 15 May 2023

In Australia, paracetamol is the agent most frequently implicated in drug overdoses, and their frequency is increasing, particularly in young people.1 Paracetamol overdose causes significant morbidity despite treatment, and is the leading cause of acute liver failure in Western countries.2 Modified release (MR) paracetamol overdose is associated with a higher rate of liver injury than immediate release paracetamol.3 The sole therapeutic benefit of MR paracetamol is its more convenient dosage regimen (three rather than four times a day).4

Please login with your free MJA account to view this article in full


Please note: institutional and Research4Life access to the MJA is now provided through Wiley Online Library.


  • 1 The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW
  • 2 NSW Poisons Information Centre, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW



Open access

Open access publishing facilitated by The University of Sydney, as part of the Wiley – The University of Sydney agreement via the Council of Australian University Librarians.


Acknowledgements: 

Rose Cairns is supported by a National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Investigator Grant (1196516); Nicholas Buckley is supported by an NHMRC investigator Grant (2007726). We thank the staff of the New South Wales Poisons Information Centre for collecting the data analysed in our study.

Competing interests:

Rose Cairns holds an untied educational grant from Reckitt; this funder had no role in this study.

Online responses are no longer available. Please refer to our instructions for authors page for more information.

Comparison of performance outcomes after general practice training in remote and rural or regional locations in Australia

Emily Anderson, Matthew R McGrail, Aaron Hollins, Louise Young, Lawrie McArthur, Belinda O'Sullivan and Tiana Gurney
Med J Aust 2023; 218 (9): . || doi: 10.5694/mja2.51930
Published online: 15 May 2023

General practice training is provided in geographically diverse locations across Australia to promote the development of the rural and remote medical workforce. Training in rural and remote locations supports learning locally required types of medical practice and builds both social and professional connections that increase the likelihood of trainees later practising in these communities.1,2 The remote learning model appears to be successful,3 but a 2020 scoping review found only limited evidence for the equivalence of learning outcomes after training in remote or less remote locations.4 We therefore compared formative assessment outcomes for general practice trainees in remote locations with those of trainees in rural or regional locations.

Please login with your free MJA account to view this article in full


Please note: institutional and Research4Life access to the MJA is now provided through Wiley Online Library.


  • 1 James Cook University, Townsville, QLD
  • 2 Rural Clinical School, University of Queensland, Rockhampton, QLD
  • 3 Rural Clinical School, University of Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD


Correspondence: emma.anderson1@jcu.edu.au


Open access

Open access publishing facilitated by James Cook University, as part of the Wiley – James Cook University agreement via the Council of Australian University Librarians.


Acknowledgements: 

This project was funded by an Education Research Grant from the Australian College of Rural and Remote Medicine (salaries and research costs).

Competing interests:

No relevant disclosures.

Online responses are no longer available. Please refer to our instructions for authors page for more information.

The diagnosis and initial management of melanoma in Australia: findings from the prospective, population‐based QSkin study

Nirmala Pandeya, Catherine M Olsen, Maja M Shalit, Jean Claude Dusingize, Rachel E Neale and David C Whiteman
Med J Aust 2023; 218 (9): . || doi: 10.5694/mja2.51919
Published online: 15 May 2023

Abstract

Objectives: To determine the proportions of newly diagnosed melanomas treated by different medical specialist types, to describe the types of excisions performed, and to investigate factors associated with treating practitioner specialty and excision type.

Design, setting: Prospective cohort study; analysis of linked data: baseline surveys, hospital, pathology, Queensland Cancer Register, and Medical Benefits Schedule databases.

Participants: Random sample of 43 764 Queensland residents aged 40–69 years recruited during 2011, with initial diagnoses of in situ or invasive melanoma diagnosed to 31 December 2019.

Main outcome measures: Treating practitioner type and treatment modality for first incident melanoma; second and subsequent treatment events for the primary melanoma.

Results: During a median follow‐up of 8.4 years (interquartile range, 8.3–8.8 years), 1683 eligible participants (720 women, 963 men) developed at least one primary melanoma (in situ melanoma, 1125; invasive melanoma, 558), 1296 of which (77.1%) were initially managed in primary care; 248 were diagnosed by dermatologists (14.8%), 83 by plastic surgeons (4.9%), 43 by general surgeons (2.6%), and ten by other specialists (0.6%). The most frequent initial procedures leading to histologically confirmed melanoma diagnosis were first excision (854, 50.7%), shave biopsy (549, 32.6%), and punch biopsy (178, 10.6%); 1339 melanomas (79.6%) required two procedures, 187 (11.1%) three. Larger proportions of melanomas diagnosed by dermatologists (87%) or plastic surgeons (71%) were in people living in urban areas than of those diagnosed in primary care (63%); larger proportions of melanomas diagnosed by dermatologists or plastic surgeons than of those diagnosed in primary care were in people with university degrees (45%, 42% v 23%) or upper quartile clinical risk scores (63%, 59% v 47%).

Conclusions: Most incident melanomas in Queensland are diagnosed in primary care, and nearly half are initially managed by partial excision (shave or punch biopsy). Second or third, wider excisions are undertaken in about 90% of cases.

Please login with your free MJA account to view this article in full


Please note: institutional and Research4Life access to the MJA is now provided through Wiley Online Library.


  • QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD



Open access

Open access publishing facilitated by The University of Queensland, as part of the Wiley – The University of Queensland agreement via the Council of Australian University Librarians.


Acknowledgements: 

This study was supported by the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC; APP1073898; APP1063061; APP1185416). David Whiteman is supported by an NHMRC Research Fellowship (APP11554130). The funders played no role in the design, execution, analysis or interpretation of this study. We thank Cancer Alliance Queensland who maintain the Queensland Cancer Register for their valuable contributions to this study.

Competing interests:

No relevant disclosures.

  • 1. Olsen CM, Green AC, Pandeya N, Whiteman DC. Trends in melanoma incidence rates in eight susceptible populations to 2015. J Invest Dermatol 2019; 139: 1392‐1395.
  • 2. Gordon LG, Leung W, Johns R, et al. Estimated healthcare costs of melanoma and keratinocyte skin cancers in Australia and Aotearoa New Zealand in 2021. Int J Res Public Health 2022; 19: 3178.
  • 3. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Risk of melanoma of the skin by age and over time. In: Cancer data in Australia. Updated 4 Oct 2020. https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/cancer/cancer‐data‐in‐australia/contents/cancer‐data‐commentaries/risk‐of‐melanoma‐of‐the‐skin‐by‐age‐and‐over‐time (viewed Dec 2022).
  • 4. Thompson BS, Pandeya N, Olsen CM, et al. Keratinocyte cancer excisions in Australia: who performs them and associated costs. Australas J Dermatol 2019; 60: 294‐300.
  • 5. Hollestein L, Weinstock M, Le Roux E, Olsen C. More than many: how to manage the most frequent cancer? J Invest Dermatol 2017; 137: 1823‐1826.
  • 6. Royal Australian College of General Practitioners. Guidelines for preventive activities in general practice (Red Book). 9th edition. Melbourne: RACGP, 2022. https://www.racgp.org.au/download/Documents/Guidelines/Redbook9/17048‐Red‐Book‐9th‐Edition.pdf (viewed Dec 2022).
  • 7. Cancer Council Victoria; Victorian Department of Health. Optimal care pathway for people with melanoma. 2nd edition. June 2021. https://www.cancer.org.au/assets/pdf/melanoma‐optimal‐cancer‐care‐pathway (viewed Dec 2022).
  • 8. Cancer Council Australia Melanoma Guidelines Working Party. Clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of melanoma. 2018. https://wiki.cancer.org.au/australia/Guidelines:Melanoma (viewed July 2022).
  • 9. Wu A, Rosen R, Selva D, Huilgol SC. Proportion of melanoma excisions performed by different specialties in Australia. Australas J Dermatol 2018; 59: 243‐245.
  • 10. de Menezes SL, Wolfe R, Kelly JW, et al. Think before you shave: factors influencing choice of biopsy technique for invasive melanoma and effect on definitive management. Australas J Dermatol 2020; 61: 134‐139.
  • 11. Smithers BM, Hughes MCB, Beesley VL, et al. Prospective study of patterns of surgical management in adults with primary cutaneous melanoma at high risk of spread, in Queensland, Australia. J Surg Oncol 2015; 112: 359‐365.
  • 12. Kelly JW, Henderson MA, Thursfield VJ, et al. The management of primary cutaneous melanoma in Victoria in 1996 and 2000. Med J Aust 2007; 187: 511‐514. https://www.mja.com.au/journal/2007/187/9/management‐primary‐cutaneous‐melanoma‐victoria‐1996‐and‐2000
  • 13. Baade P, Meng X, Youlden D, et al. Time trends and latitudinal differences in melanoma thickness distribution in Australia, 1990–2006. Int J Cancer 2012; 130: 170‐178.
  • 14. Olsen CM, Green AC, Neale RE, et al; QSkin Study. Cohort profile: the QSkin Sun and Health Study. Int J Epidemiol 2012; 41: 929‐i.
  • 15. Morze CJ, Olsen CM, Perry SL, et al; QSkin Study. Good test–retest reproducibility for an instrument to capture self‐reported melanoma risk factors. J Clin Epidemiol 2012; 65: 1329‐1336.
  • 16. Mortimore A, Pandeya N, Olsen CM, Whiteman DC. “Repeatability of repeatability”: the stability of self‐reported melanoma risk factors in two independent samples. Aust N Z J Public Health 2021; 45: 469‐473.
  • 17. Olsen CM, Pandeya N, Thompson BS, et al; QSkin Study. Risk stratification for melanoma: models derived and validated in a purpose‐designed prospective cohort. J Natl Cancer Inst 2018; 110: 1075‐1083.
  • 18. Blizzard L, Hosmer DW. The log multinomial regression model for nominal outcomes with more than two attributes. Biom J 2007; 49: 889‐902.
  • 19. Medical Board of Australia. Medical board of Australia registrant data. 2022. Reporting period: 01 October 2022 to 31 December 2022. https://www.ahpra.gov.au/documents/default.aspx?record=WD23%2f32565&dbid=AP&chksum=q0%2fqnb5I7i7w6DCShektSQ%3d%3d (viewed Feb 2023).
  • 20. Hay J, Keir J, Jimenez Balcells C, et al. Characteristics, treatment and outcomes of 589 melanoma patients documented by 27 general practitioners on the Skin Cancer Audit Research Database. Australas J Dermatol 2022; 63: 204‐212.
  • 21. Doolan BJ, Robinson AJ, Wolfe R, et al. Accuracy of partial biopsies in the management of cutaneous melanoma. Australas J Dermatol 2019; 60: 209‐213.
  • 22. Wilkinson D, Askew DA, Dixon A. Skin cancer clinics in Australia: workload profile and performance indicators from an analysis of billing data. Med J Aust 2006; 184: 162‐164. https://www.mja.com.au/journal/2006/184/4/skin‐cancer‐clinics‐australia‐workload‐profile‐and‐performance‐indicators
  • 23. Wilkinson D, Kitcheber S, Bourne P, Dixon A. Skin cancer medicine in primary care: towards an agenda for quality health outcomes. Med J Aust 2006; 184: 11‐12. https://www.mja.com.au/journal/2006/184/1/skin‐cancer‐medicine‐primary‐care‐towards‐agenda‐quality‐health‐outcomes
  • 24. Olsen CM, Wilson LF, Green AC, et al. Cancers in Australia attributable to exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation and prevented by regular sunscreen use. Aust N Z J Public Health 2015; 39: 471‐476.
Online responses are no longer available. Please refer to our instructions for authors page for more information.

Pagination

Subscribe to