In New South Wales, being a motor vehicle passenger has consistently been one of the leading causes of fatal injury for children aged under 17 years since 1996.1 Between 2000 and 2005, the child road death rate declined by 4.5% per annum in Australia,2 possibly due to road safety initiatives such as road condition improvements, enforcement of restraint use, and public education campaigns, as well as improved trauma care services.3
However, life-saving preventive measures may result in fewer deaths at the expense of an increase in serious non-fatal injuries,4 which may in turn lead to long-term disability for patients and a burden on health care systems. In Australia, about a thousand child passengers (aged 0–16 years) were seriously injured due to road crashes per annum between July 1999 and June 2002.5
Overall gains made in safety for child motor vehicle passengers should therefore be evaluated in terms of serious injuries as well as deaths. Knowledge of such injuries is needed to set prevention strategies and priorities.6 Here, we examine trends in hospitalisation rates for injuries due to traffic crashes among NSW-resident child motor vehicle passengers (aged 0–15 years) by analysing population-based hospitalisation data.
The NSW Inpatient Statistics Collection (ISC) is a financial year-based census of hospital separations maintained by NSW Health. It covers all public and private hospitals in NSW and also includes complete records of NSW residents who were admitted to public hospitals outside NSW up to the 2003–04 financial year.7 The reason for hospital admission is coded at the time of separation according to the 10th revision of the International Classification of Diseases, Australian Modification (ICD-10-AM).8 There were four editions of the ICD-10-AM during the study period, but with no major changes to how road crashes and injury were coded across editions. We extracted data from the ISC on inpatients’ age, sex, medical diagnoses and external cause codes for the period 1 July 1998 – 30 June 2005.
Being injured was defined as having any of the first 20 diagnosis fields coded in the ICD-10-AM range S00–S99, T00–T14, T20–T31, T79 or T89.8 We excluded episodes of care that were identified as readmissions to either the same or another hospital within 28 days (Box 1). Patients who died during the episode of care were included in the study, while those who died before admission to hospital were excluded.
Injuries were grouped by severity, body region, type and number (single or multiple). To represent injury severity, we applied the ICD-10-AM diagnosis-based Injury Severity Score (ICISS), which is an estimate of the probability of survival from a given injury (lower scores represent more severe injuries).9 For each patient, we selected the lowest ICISS score (ie, the worst injury) across all injury diagnoses to represent overall injury severity.10 Patients with a minimum ICISS score of ≤ 0.941 were defined as being “seriously” injured, because these patients will almost always be admitted to hospital.11
SAS version 9.1 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA) was used to perform all data analyses. Directly standardised rates, expressed per 100 000 person-years for NSW-resident children aged ≤ 15 years, were calculated to allow for changes in the age and sex structure of the population over time. Trends in age-adjusted rates were assessed using the per cent change annualised estimator (PCAE), which is robust regardless of whether or not the annual change in rate is linear.12 The PCAE-associated P values were used to test whether or not there was an amount of per cent change in rate during a period.12 A P value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Children were grouped by ages corresponding to recommendations for child restraint systems: 0–4 years (child restraints); 5–8 years (booster seats); 9–12 years (potential extension of booster seat use); and 13–15 years (adult seatbelts).
A total of 2297 children aged 0–15 years were hospitalised for injuries sustained in a traffic crash as a passenger in a car (n = 2252; 98%) or utility truck (n = 45; 2%) (Box 2). Of these, 213 children (9%) had an unspecified travel mode. Fifteen children (0.7%) died during the episode of care.
Overall, the hospitalisation rate for children with injuries changed slightly, but not significantly, by − 0.4% (95% CI, − 3.1% to 2.3%) over the study period (Box 3). The hospitalisation rate for children with serious injuries changed non-significantly by − 5.5% (95% CI, − 11.8% to 1.1%), compared with a non-significant 0.7% change (95% CI, − 0.8% to 2.2%) in hospitalisation for children with less serious injuries.
Among different injury types, only traumatic brain injuries demonstrated a significant reduction in hospitalisation rate over the study period, with a change of − 11.1% (95% CI, − 19.0% to − 2.8%) (Box 3). Hospitalisation rates associated with fractures, internal organ injuries and spinal injuries all showed a non-significant decline over the study period.
Although the overall annual rate of hospitalisation for injuries remained constant over the study period, our findings suggest a greater reduction in serious injuries (ICISS ≤ 0.941) than less serious injuries (ICISS > 0.941). This is perhaps not surprising, as most interventions have been designed with the ultimate aim of preventing loss of life. Children with less serious injuries comprised the largest group, and their hospitalisation rate showed a non-significant increase over time. In contrast, the hospitalisation rate for children with serious injuries or injuries of possible high severity, such as fractures, internal organ injuries, and spinal injuries, had a steady but non-significant decline over time, consistent with previous findings of the reduction in road deaths of children in Australia.2
Only hospitalisation rates for traumatic brain injuries showed a significant decrease over time, reflecting either a real reduction in these injuries or changes in hospital admission practices for such cases. Between 1988 and 1998 in New Zealand, Stephenson and colleagues also found a substantial decrease in the hospitalisation rate for traumatic brain injuries and suggested that an improvement in diagnosis and treatment may have contributed in part to this decline.13 Durbin et al found a 59% reduction in the risk of injury, including severe head or brain injuries, for child motor vehicle passengers aged 4–7 years using appropriate child restraints in 15 states of the United States.14 We did not have information on restraint use in our sample so cannot say whether it may have contributed to our findings, nor whether the admission pattern for traumatic brain injury reflects the real incidence in the population of interest. Future research should link hospital data with crash data, to allow an examination of crash severity and restraint use.
Although the ISC hospital data provided extensive details of injury diagnoses, which may contribute to developing injury prevention strategies, the lack of causal data, such as crash severity and use of protective devices, limited our ability to test whether there have been shifts from serious to less serious injuries, or shifts between injury types. For example, the use of child restraint systems may protect a child passenger from death or from suffering severe thorax injuries, while increasing the likelihood of abdominal injuries.15
1 Selection of child motor vehicle passengers (aged 0–15 years) hospitalised due to a road traffic crash
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2 Number (%) of child motor vehicle passengers (aged 0–15 years) resident in New South Wales hospitalised for injuries in each financial year, July 1998 – June 2005*
* Of the total 2297 children, 15 died during the episode of care in hospital. | |||||||||||||||
Received 29 March 2007, accepted 16 August 2007
- Wei Du1
- Caroline F Finch2
- Andrew Hayen1
- Julie Hatfield1
- 1 NSW Injury Risk Management Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW.
- 2 School of Human Movement and Sport Sciences, University of Ballarat, Ballarat, VIC.
Wei Du is supported by an APAI PhD scholarship from the Australian Research Council. Caroline Finch is supported by a National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Principal Research Fellowship. Andrew Hayen is supported by the NSW Injury Risk Management Research Centre, with core funding provided by the NSW Health Department, the NSW Roads and Traffic Authority and the Motor Accidents Authority. Julie Hatfield is supported by the Injury, Trauma and Rehabilitation NHMRC Capacity Building Grant in Population Health.
None identified.
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- 2. Australian Transport Safety Bureau. Road deaths Australia, 2005 statistical summary. Canberra: ATSB, 2005.
- 3. Australian Transport Council. National Road Safety Strategy 2001–2010. Canberra: ATC, 2000.
- 4. Finch CF, Hayen A. Governmental health agencies need to assume leadership in injury prevention [editorial]. Inj Prev 2006; 12: 2-3.
- 5. Australian Transport Safety Bureau. Road safety statistics report. Serious injury due to road crashes. Canberra: ATSB, 2004.
- 6. Injury Surveillance Workgroup, State and Territorial Injury Prevention Directors Association. Consensus recommendations for using hospital discharge data for injury surveillance. Marietta, Ga: STIPDA, 2003.
- 7. Epidemiology and Surveillance Branch, NSW Department of Health. Health Outcomes Information and Statistical Toolkit (HOIST). http://hoist.health.nsw.gov.au (internal access only) (accessed Jun 2006).
- 8. National Centre for Classification in Health. International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems, 10th revision, Australian modification. Vol. 1. Tabular list of diseases. Sydney: National Centre for Classification in Health, 2000.
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- 11. Cryer C, Langley J, Davie G. A critical look at some ICISS-based indicators of serious injury incidence. The 6th International Conference on Measuring the Burden of Injury; 2006 Apr 1; Durban, South Africa; 2006.
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Abstract
Objective: To analyse changes in the incidence of injuries requiring hospitalisation for child passengers in motor vehicle crashes.
Design, setting and participants: Population-based study of children (aged 0 –15 years) residing in New South Wales and admitted to hospital for injuries resulting from a traffic crash in the period 1 July 1998 – 30 June 2005, identified from the NSW Inpatient Statistics Collection.
Main outcome measures: Age-standardised rates of hospitalisation for injuries, and trends by inpatient demographics, severity of injuries, and injury sites and types.
Results: 2297 children were hospitalised for injuries sustained in a motor vehicle crash over the study period. The overall hospitalisation rate for injuries was relatively constant, with a non-significant decline of − 0.4% (95% CI, − 3.1% to 2.3%). The rate of hospitalisation for serious injuries also declined non-significantly (− 5.5% [95% CI, −11.8% to 1.1%]). Only hospitalisation rates for traumatic brain injuries declined significantly (−11.1% [95% CI, −19.0% to − 2.8%]) over the study period.
Conclusion: The rate of hospitalisation for injuries to NSW-resident child motor vehicle passengers due to traffic crashes has not significantly decreased. High hospitalisation rates and the subsequent burden to the community and public health system make further injury prevention efforts for child motor vehicle passengers a priority.