Standard deviation and standard error: interpretation, usage and reporting

• University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW

Series Editors

John Attia

Michael Jones

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• 1. Altman DG, Bland JM. Standard deviations and standard errors. BMJ 2005; 331: 903.
• 2. Biau DJ. In brief: standard deviation and standard error. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2011; 469: 2661-2664.
• 3. Nagele P. Misuse of standard error of the mean (SEM) when reporting variability of a sample. A critical evaluation of four anaesthesia journals. Br J Anaesth 2003; 90: 514-516.
• 4. Wullschleger M, Aghlmandi S, Egger M, Zwahlen M. High incorrect use of the standard error of the mean (SEM) in original articles in three cardiovascular journals evaluated for 2012. PLoS One 2014; 9: 1-4.
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• 6. Carlin JB, Doyle LW. Basic concepts of statistical reasoning: standard errors and confidence intervals. J Paediatr Child Health 2000; 36: 502-505.
• 7. Carlin JB, Doyle LW. Basic concepts of statistical reasoning: hypothesis tests and the t-test. J Paediatr Child Health 2001; 37: 72-77.