Hip fracture is one of the most common, serious and costly injuries sustained by older people; it often results in disability and a need for enhanced levels of care, and it occasionally results in death.1-3
To improve outcomes after hip fracture, various models of care have been proposed and evaluated.1,4,5 One study has shown reductions in morbidity and mortality,1 another has produced inconclusive results,6 and a systematic review has found that hip fracture patients who receive multidisciplinary inpatient rehabilitation tend to achieve better outcomes, although it could not show this to a significant level.7
Orthogeriatric care is medical care for older patients with orthopaedic conditions that is provided collaboratively with the treating orthopaedic team. In Australia, it is predominantly provided by geriatricians. We examined the impact of orthogeriatric services on 30-day mortality and length of stay (LOS) for hip fracture patients undergoing surgery in public hospitals in New South Wales.
Methods
We conducted a retrospective analysis of patients aged 65 years and older who had a fractured hip and received surgical intervention between 1 July 2009 and 30 June 2011 at one of the 37 NSW public hospitals operating on hip fracture patients. Ethics approval was obtained from the NSW Population and Health Services Research Ethics Committee.
Data sources
Patient data were obtained from the NSW Admitted Patient Data Collection (APDC), which contains information on inpatient separations from all hospitals in NSW. It holds information on patient demographics, diagnoses, separation types and clinical procedures. For each patient, individual episodes of care were linked to form one record. The diagnoses and external cause codes are classified using the International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision, Australian modification (ICD-10-AM).8 Mortality data were obtained from the NSW Registry of Births, Deaths and Marriages (RBDM).
Identification of cases
Hip fracture patients undergoing surgical intervention were identified as those for whom the principal diagnosis was ICD-10-AM code S72.0, S72.1 or S72.2 (hip fracture) and the principal procedure code was ICD-10-AM code 47519-00, 47522-00, 47528-01, 47531-00, 49318-00 or 49319-00 (hip fracture interventions).
Data linkage
The APDC was linked to the RBDM mortality data by the Centre for Health Record Linkage. This enabled identification of the first admission for a hip fracture per person, any public or private hospital transfers related to the admission where a hip fracture procedure occurred on or after a hip fracture diagnosis, and any death within 30 days of surgery.
Identification of comorbidities
The Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) ICD-10 Deyo adaptation,9 with a 1-year look-back period, was used to identify comorbidities and for casemix adjustment. The number of comorbidities were summed for each patient, and patients were divided into three groups based on CCI scores (0; 1 or 2; and ≥ 3).
Identification of hospitals with orthogeriatric services
In 2012, a facility-level audit of all public hospitals in NSW providing surgery for hip fracture showed that 62% of hospitals provided some form of orthogeriatric care.10 Hospitals with an orthogeriatric service in 2012 were contacted to establish whether the service was available during the period 1 July 2009 to 30 June 2011.
Data analysis
Data analysis was performed using SAS Enterprise Guide 4.3 (SAS Institute). Time from admission to surgery (an estimate of time from fracture to surgery) was defined as the number of calendar days elapsing between the day of admission for the first recorded hip fracture diagnosis and the day of surgery. Adjusted mortality rates were calculated using indirect standardisation. Demographics were compared using descriptive statistics. A binomial logistic regression model was used to generate NSW-level predicted probabilities of 30-day mortality for each procedure conducted. Age, sex and comorbidity were included in the model. By summing the predicted probabilities for each hospital, the expected number of deaths within 30 days was calculated and compared with the actual number. For each hospital, this ratio was multiplied by the NSW unadjusted mortality rate to calculate the adjusted hospital-specific 30-day mortality rate.
Wilcoxon two-sample tests with one-sided P values were used to compare patient mortality for hospitals with and without an orthogeriatric service, and to compare patient mortality at hospitals that are major trauma centres and those that are not.
Results
From 1 July 2009 to 30 June 2011, there were 9601 hip fracture cases (in 9370 patients) for which surgery was done in the 37 hospitals that operated on hip fracture patients. There were 706 patient deaths within 30 days of surgery, giving an overall NSW unadjusted 30-day mortality rate of 7.4%. Median time from admission to death was 12.5 days.
Differences between hip fracture cases for which surgery was done in a hospital with an orthogeriatric service and those done in a hospital without an orthogeriatric service are shown in Box 1. The number of hip fracture surgeries and 30-day mortality in individual hospitals are shown in Box 2.
A funnel plot of adjusted 30-day mortality rates for hospitals, classified according to presence or absence of an orthogeriatric service and by major trauma centre status, is shown in Box 3. After adjustment for age, sex and CCI score group, the median 30-day mortality rate for hospitals with an orthogeriatric service was significantly lower than that for hospitals without an orthogeriatric service (6.2% v 8.4%; P < 0.002) (Box 1). The median 30-day adjusted mortality rate for hospitals that are major trauma centres was not significantly different to that for hospitals that are not major trauma centres (7.2% and 7.8%, respectively; P = 0.3).
Discussion
In our study, hospitals with an orthogeriatric service had lower 30-day mortality rates and longer LOS for patients who underwent surgery for hip fracture.
The difference in mortality rates may be due to medical optimisation before surgery, prevention and early detection of medical complications, better coordination of care, better communication between staff responsible for care, and better management of comorbidities. Results of other studies indicate that respiratory disease and cardiac disease are the biggest causes of mortality after hip fracture and that these diseases are likely to be managed better in hospitals with an orthogeriatric service.1,6,11 Equally, it could be argued that the presence of an orthogeriatric service reflects a better resourced hospital that provides treatment for larger numbers of hip fracture patients.
Various reasons can be put forward to explain the differences in LOS. Given that 50% of deaths occurred within 12.5 days of admission to hospital, it may simply be the survival effect that produced longer LOS in hospitals with an orthogeriatric service, although this is unlikely to solely explain the difference that we found. Without looking at readmission figures, it is difficult to know whether the longer LOS is appropriate and whether premature discharge may lead to higher rates of readmission.
Other studies that have examined mortality and LOS after hip fracture surgery at hospitals with and without specialised orthogeriatric or multidisciplinary services over the past decade have produced mixed results.1,6,12-14
Our study has four main limitations. First, the approach to delivery of orthogeriatric care varies across hospitals (eg, in some hospitals, physicians other than geriatricians provide medical input for hip fracture patients), and we did not account for such differences. Second, the APDC did not include information on cognitive state, prefracture ambulatory status or preadmission place of residence, which are predictors of health outcomes.6 While comorbidity is an important predictor of outcomes, it does not reflect disease severity. Third, we did not extract information on postoperative complications, which have been shown to differ based on the availability of an orthogeriatric service.1,6,11,15 Finally, we did not explore the potential for backwards causation due to better overall standards of care in hospitals that have an orthogeriatric service.
Time from hip fracture to surgery has been shown to affect health outcomes and LOS.16 The APDC does not record exact time from fracture to surgery, so we used a proxy measure (days between admission for first recorded hip fracture diagnosis and surgery).
In the United Kingdom, the establishment of the National Hip Fracture Database has been instrumental in driving changes in clinical care and patient outcomes, along with improvements in hospital services for treatment of hip fracture patients. As a result of many changes in the UK, 30-day mortality has decreased significantly.17 Similar work is now underway in Australia: national guidelines and standards of care are being developed, and a minimum patient-level dataset (available as a patient audit form) has been prepared to facilitate the recently launched Australian and New Zealand Hip Fracture Registry (http://www.anzhfr.org). Data collected by the Registry will be integral to future research on the key determinants of health outcomes and will help create more effective services for hip fracture patients.
1 Characteristics of hip fracture cases for which surgery was performed in public hospitals with and without an orthogeriatric service, New South Wales, July 2009 – June 2011
Characteristic | Hospitals with orthogeriatric service (n = 14) | Hospitals without orthogeriatric service (n = 23) | P | ||||||||||||
No. of surgeries | 4575 | 5026 | — | ||||||||||||
Mean (SD) patient age, years | 84.4 (7.4) | 84.2 (7.5) | 0.20 | ||||||||||||
No. (%) of surgeries on men | 1239 (27.1%) | 1326 (26.4%) | 0.44 | ||||||||||||
CCI score group | 0.36 | ||||||||||||||
0 | 2715 (59.3%) | 3018 (60.0%) | |||||||||||||
1 or 2 | 1256 (27.5%) | 1393 (27.7%) | |||||||||||||
≥ 3 | 604 (13.2%) | 615 (12.2%) | |||||||||||||
Overall 30-day patient mortality rate | 6.5% | 8.1% | 0.002 | ||||||||||||
Median (IQR) 30-day hospital mortality rate — unadjusted | 6.6% (2.1%) | 8.2% (2.3%) | < 0.02 | ||||||||||||
Median (IQR) 30-day hospital mortality rate — adjusted* | 6.2% (2.1%) | 8.4% (2.4%) | < 0.002 | ||||||||||||
Acute length of stay, days† | |||||||||||||||
Mean (SD) | 12.9 (10.9) | 11.2 (9.1) | < 0.001 | ||||||||||||
Median (IQR) | 10 (8) | 9 (8) | < 0.001 | ||||||||||||
Total length of stay, days† | |||||||||||||||
Mean (SD) | 30.1 (22.8) | 28.7 (29.5) | < 0.01 | ||||||||||||
Median (IQR) | 26 (31) | 22 (29) | < 0.001 | ||||||||||||
Time from admission to surgery, days | |||||||||||||||
Mean (SD) | 1.8 (2.7) | 1.7(13.2) | 0.63 | ||||||||||||
Median (IQR) | 1 (2) | 1 (2) | < 0.001 | ||||||||||||
CCI = Charlson comorbidity index. IQR = interquartile range. * Adjusted for age, sex and CCI score group. † Acute length of stay is the cumulative length of stay for all linked acute episodes of care (defined by the acute flag in the NSW Admitted Patient Data Collection); total length of stay also includes the linked non-acute episodes of care. | |||||||||||||||
Received 14 January 2014, accepted 12 June 2014
- Justin Zeltzer1
- Rebecca J Mitchell1,2
- Barbara Toson1
- Ian A Harris3
- Laura Ahmad4,5
- Jacqui Close1
- 1 Falls and Injury Prevention Group, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW.
- 2 Transport and Road Safety Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW.
- 3 South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW.
- 4 Aged Health Network, Agency for Clinical Innovation, Sydney, NSW.
- 5 Department of Aged Care, North Shore Private Hospital, Sydney, NSW.
Justin Zeltzer was supported by the NSW Ministry of Health's NSW Biostatistical Officer Training Program. The Falls and Injury Prevention Group is partly supported by the NSW Ministry of Health. We thank the Centre for Health Record Linkage for conducting the record linkage and the Centre for Epidemiology and Evidence at the NSW Ministry of Health for providing access to Secure Analytics for Population Health Research and Intelligence (a data warehouse and analysis tool that enables health dataset analysis).
No relevant disclosures.
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Abstract
Objective: To examine the impact of orthogeriatric services on 30-day mortality and length of stay (LOS) for hip fracture patients undergoing surgery in public hospitals in New South Wales.
Design, setting and patients: A retrospective analysis of patients aged 65 years and older who had a fractured hip and received surgical intervention between 1 July 2009 and 30 June 2011 at one of the 37 NSW public hospitals operating on hip fracture patients.
Main outcome measures: 30-day mortality and LOS.
Results: During the study period, there were 9601 hip fracture cases for which surgery was done. Mean age, sex and comorbidity distribution were similar for hip fracture patients treated in hospitals with an orthogeriatric service compared with those treated in hospitals without an orthogeriatric service. There were 706 deaths within 30 days of hip fracture surgery, and the overall unadjusted 30-day mortality rate was 7.4%. The median adjusted 30-day mortality rate for hospitals with an orthogeriatric service was significantly lower than that for hospitals without an orthogeriatric service (6.2% v 8.4%; P < 0.002). Median total LOS was longer at hospitals with an orthogeriatric service compared with hospitals that did not have an orthogeriatric service (26 days v 22 days; P < 0.001).
Conclusions: The presence of an orthogeriatric service was associated with a reduction in 30-day mortality but a longer LOS. More research is required to understand the key aspects of care that determine health outcomes. The recently launched Australian and New Zealand Hip Fracture Registry will provide data that will enable improvements in care.