MJA
MJA

Barriers to addressing overweight and obesity before conception

Leonie K Callaway, Michael J O’Callaghan and H David McIntyre
Med J Aust 2009; 191 (8): 425-428. || doi: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.2009.tb02876.x
Published online: 19 October 2009

Abstract

Objective: To investigate the issues that confront women when addressing overweight and obesity before conception.

Design: Questionnaire-based study of 412 unselected women in early pregnancy.

Setting and participants: 255 women who attended a public, antenatal “first visit” clinic at a major urban obstetric hospital in Brisbane and 157 women who presented to a private obstetrician in Brisbane for a routine ultrasound scan during a 6-week period in 2006 were surveyed.

Main outcome measures: Preconception health activities, prepregnancy body mass index (BMI), self-reported weight category, attempts to lose weight before pregnancy, and weight loss advice received before pregnancy.

Results: Folic acid supplementation was reported by 56% of participants, and 53% attended a preconception health check. Of women who provided details of height and prepregnancy weight, 30% were overweight or obese before pregnancy. However, 23 of 65 women with a BMI in the overweight range categorised themselves as normal weight (36%), and only 8 of 50 women with a BMI in the obese range categorised themselves as obese (16%). As BMI increased, more women reported trying to lose weight (P < 0.001) and reported receiving advice regarding weight loss (P < 0.001). Prepregnancy weight loss was reported by 52 of 115 overweight and obese women (45%).

Conclusions: Potential barriers to addressing overweight and obesity before pregnancy include poor uptake of routine prepregnancy health activities, inaccurate self-categorisation of weight, unsuccessful weight loss attempts and inadequate advice regarding prepregnancy weight loss.

Methods
Results

Of 512 women approached for the study, 412 agreed to participate (consent rate, 80%); 255 participants were recruited from the public antenatal clinic (62%) (Box 1) and 157 were recruited when they presented to a private obstetrician for a routine ultrasound scan (38%). Three hundred and eighty participants provided details of height and prepregnancy weight (92%), from which prepregnancy BMI was calculated; of these women, 115 were categorised as overweight or obese before pregnancy (30%) (Box 1). Other participant characteristics, including factors related to preconception health care and demographics, are shown in Box 1. Of women recruited from the public clinic, 43 were obese (17%), and of those recruited from the private sector, 12 were obese (8%) (P = 0.013). Self-reported weight categories according to prepregnancy BMI are shown in Box 2.

A total of 44 women were advised to lose weight before pregnancy. Of these women, 34 reported receiving this advice from a doctor (77%), 30 from their mother (68%), 20 from their partner (45%), 17 from friends (39%) and 13 from other family members (30%). For women who were normal weight, overweight or obese before pregnancy, data on self-reported weight loss attempts, actual weight loss, receipt of weight loss advice and preconception health check attendance are shown in Box 3. Of the 115 women who were overweight or obese before pregnancy, 65 sought a preconception health check from a doctor (57%). Of the 26 overweight women who reported visiting a doctor, six reported being advised to lose weight (23%). Of the 39 obese women who reported visiting a doctor, 14 recalled being advised to lose weight (36%). Thirty women in the study required assisted reproductive techniques; 13 of these women were overweight or obese, of whom six reported being advised to lose weight.

Advice to lose weight appeared unrelated to actual weight loss in overweight and obese women. Of 30 overweight or obese women who reported receiving advice on weight loss, 16 reported actual weight loss (53%), and actual weight loss was reported by 36 of 85 overweight or obese women who did not report receiving such advice (42%) (P = 0.29). Similarly, there was no increase in self-reported weight loss in those women who reported that they were advised to lose weight by a doctor: 12 of 20 overweight or obese women who were advised by a doctor to lose weight reported actual weight loss (60%), and actual weight loss was reported by 40 of 95 overweight or obese women who did not receive such advice (42%) (P = 0.14).

Discussion

We identified several issues that need to be addressed to improve preconception health care for overweight and obese women. These include poor uptake of routine prepregnancy health activities, inaccurate self-categorisation of weight, unsuccessful weight loss attempts and inadequate advice regarding prepregnancy weight loss.

With only 53% of study participants reporting a preconception health check and 65% reporting a planned pregnancy, there is room for improvement on both these fronts. Consistent with other studies,18-20 uptake of periconceptual folic acid supplementation by our study participants (56%) was poor. This suggests that the complex lifestyle changes required for weight loss before pregnancy are likely to be difficult to achieve.

Of women with a BMI in the overweight range, 36% categorised themselves as normal weight, and 84% of women with a BMI in the obese range reported being normal weight or overweight. This inaccurate weight categorisation shows that women might not appreciate how overweight or obese they are. This may result in women having an inaccurate picture of the potential risk that their weight adds to a future pregnancy.2,21,22 It is also possible that obesity is now so common that it is perceived as normal. Our findings highlight the importance of calculating BMI and advising women about the increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes associated with overweight and obesity when they present for preconception care, as well as encouraging them to adopt healthier lifestyles to lose weight.

Our study showed that weight loss attempts were more common with increasing BMI; 56% of overweight and obese women had attempted weight loss before pregnancy, and 45% reported losing weight.

Twenty-six per cent of overweight and obese women reported being provided with advice to lose weight, and a variety of sources were identified, including friends and family. This suggests that accurate and widely available information regarding the risks of overweight and obesity before pregnancy are needed to ensure that consistent messages are received.

Despite 57% of overweight and obese women having a preconception health check with a doctor, only 17% reported being advised by a doctor to lose weight. It is possible that women simply do not recall being provided with this advice — in this case, it is unlikely that they would have acted on any recommendations their doctor made about lifestyle changes before pregnancy. Alternatively, it may be that doctors who see women for preconception health checks are not aware of the importance of overweight and obesity as a risk factor in pregnancy, and therefore do not calculate BMI or provide targeted lifestyle advice. This requires further investigation.

Also, although provision of advice to lose weight by a doctor was not associated with an increase in self-reported weight loss, the sample size used for this analysis was small. Hence the potential benefit of brief advice provided by a doctor during a preconception health check warrants further investigation with an adequately powered prospective study.

Our study sampled women from an urban area with a broad spectrum of socioeconomic backgrounds. The proportion of participants recruited from the public sector (62%) is comparable to the 63% of women who received maternity care in the public sector in Queensland in 2004–2005.23 Our data on educational status showed that 35% of study participants had completed a tertiary degree, and only 27% had not completed secondary school. For comparison, 29% of Australian women who were aged 25–44 years in 2005 had completed tertiary education, and 27% had not completed secondary school.24 Thus, educational status was slightly higher in our sample but this is unlikely to be a major source of bias. However, we expect that if this survey was conducted in a rural environment, or with less well educated sample participants, the results may be notably different.

This study highlights several potential barriers to addressing overweight and obesity before conception, and provides information that could be used to develop a preconception approach to overweight and obesity. Although long-term weight loss and weight maintenance is very difficult to achieve, short-term weight loss is achievable.25 The short-term goal of a healthy pregnancy and healthy baby may provide a window of opportunity for lifestyle intervention. Further research is required to establish the best way to support women in the preconception phase to help them enter pregnancy at an optimal weight.

Received 26 February 2009, accepted 6 August 2009

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