We need to be sure any introduction of smokeless tobacco will actually reduce overall harm
In the mid 1980s, I assisted in South Australia becoming the first Australian state to ban the sale of smokeless tobacco products.1 In 1991, the ban went national, effectively restricting access to small quantities imported for personal use. New Zealand and the European Union imposed similar bans, although in almost all other nations smokeless tobacco products are sold openly, with many also allowing advertising.
The full article is accessible to AMA members and paid subscribers. Login to read more or purchase a subscription now.
Please note: institutional and Research4Life access to the MJA is now provided through Wiley Online Library.
- 1. Chapman S, Reynolds C. Regulating tobacco — the South Australian Tobacco Products Control Act, 1986: its development and passage through Parliament. Community Health Stud 1987; 11 (1 Suppl): 9s-15s.
- 2. Connolly GN, Winn DM, Hecht SS, et al. The reemergence of smokeless tobacco. N Engl J Med 1986; 314: 1020-1027.
- 3. Levy DT, Mumford EA, Cummings KM, et al. The relative risks of a low-nitrosamine smokeless tobacco product compared with smoking cigarettes: estimates of a panel of experts. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2004; 13: 2035-2042.
- 4. Foulds J, Ramstrom L, Burke M, Fagerström K. Effect of smokeless tobacco (snus) on smoking and public health in Sweden. Tob Control 2003; 12: 349-359.
- 5. Gartner CE, Hall WD. Should Australia lift its ban on low nitrosamine smokeless tobacco products? Med J Aust 2008; 188: 44-46. <MJA full text>
- 6. Kozlowski LT, Edwards BQ. “Not safe” is not enough: smokers have a right to know more than there is no safe tobacco product. Tob Control 2005; 14 Suppl 2: ii3-ii7.
- 7. Mumford EA, Levy DT, Gitchell JG, Blackman KO. Smokeless tobacco use 1992–2002: trends and measurement in the Current Population Survey — Tobacco Use Supplements. Tob Control 2006; 15: 166-171.
- 8. Wyckham RG. Smokeless tobacco in Canada: deterring market development. Tob Control 1999; 8: 411-420.
- 9. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Statistics on drug use in Australia 2004. Drug Statistics Series No.15. Canberra: AIHW, 2005. (AIHW Cat. No. PHE 62.) http://www.aihw.gov.au/publications/index.cfm/title/10143 (accessed Oct 2007).
- 10. Centre for Epidemiology and Research. 2006 Report on adult health from the New South Wales Population Health Survey. Sydney: NSW Department of Health, 2007. http://www.health.nsw.gov.au/public-health/survey/hsurvey.html (accessed Oct 2007).
- 11. Warner KE, Burns DM. Hardening and the hard-core smoker: concepts, evidence, and implications. Nicotine Tob Res 2003; 5: 37-48.
- 12. Morley KI, Hall WD, Hausdorf K, Owen N. “Occasional” and “social” smokers: potential target groups for smoking cessation campaigns? Aust N Z J Public Health 2006; 30: 550-554.
- 13. Walsh RA, Paul CL, Tzelepis F, Stojanovski E. Quit smoking behaviours and intentions and hard-core smoking in New South Wales. Health Promot J Austr 2006; 17: 54-60.
- 14. West R, Sohal T. “Catastrophic” pathways to smoking cessation: findings from national survey. BMJ 2006; 332: 458-460.
- 15. Herzog B. Industry in-depth. Tobacco. New York: Citigroup, 2007.
- 16. Beirne M. Philip Morris expands smokeless tobacco line. Brandweek 2007; 11 Jun. http://www.brandweek.com/bw/news/recent_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003597188 (accessed Oct 2007).
- 17. Chapman S, Borland R, Scollo M, et al. The impact of smoke-free workplaces on declining cigarette consumption in Australia and the United States. Am J Public Health 1999; 89: 1018-1023.
- 18. Fichtenberg CM, Glantz SA. Effect of smoke-free workplaces on smoking behaviour: systematic review. BMJ 2002; 325: 188.
- 19. Carter SM. Going below the line: creating transportable brands for Australia’s dark market. Tob Control 2003; 12 Suppl 3: iii87-iii94.
- 20. Harper TA, Martin JE. Under the radar — how the tobacco industry targets youth in Australia. Drug Alcohol Rev 2002; 21: 387-392.
- 21. Auger N, Raynault MF. The future of tobacco marketing in Canada. Can J Public Health 2005; 96: 278-280.
- 22. Hrywna M, Delnevo CD, Lewis JM. Adult recall of tobacco advertising on the Internet. Nicotine Tob Res 2007; DOI: 10.1080/14622200701488442.
- 23. Freeman B, Chapman S. Is “YouTube” telling or selling you something? Tobacco content on the YouTube video-sharing website. Tob Control 2007; 16: 207-210.
- 24. Chapman S. Survey of merchandising of cigarettes in New South Wales hospitals and retail pharmacies. Community Health Stud 1980; 4: 48-50.
- 25. Sachdev P, Chapman S. Availability of smokeless tobacco products in South Asian grocery shops in Sydney, 2004 [letter]. Med J Aust 2005; 183: 334. <MJA full text>
Online responses are no longer available. Please refer to our instructions for authors page for more information.
None identified.