Passive smoking and breast cancer:  is the evidence for cause now convincing?

Elwood, J Mark; Burton, Robert C

doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2004.tb06257.x

Topics

Environment and public health

It all depends on which studies you emphasise

National Cancer Control Initiative, Melbourne, VIC.

Correspondence:

Acknowledgements:

This work is supported by the National Cancer Control Initiative. The National Cancer Control Initiative is an independent expert group funded by the Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing with support from The Cancer Council Australia and The Cancer Council Victoria.

1. Burton RC, Sulaiman N. Active and passive cigarette smoking and breast cancer: is a real risk emerging? Med J Aust 2000; 172: 550-552. <MJA full text>
2. California Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. Health effects of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke. Final report. Sacramento, Calif: California EPA, 1997. Available at: www.oehha.org/air/environmental_tobacco/finalets.html (accessed Jul 2004).
3. California Environmental Protection Agency, Air Resources Board. Proposed identification of environmental tobacco smoke as a toxic air contaminant. Part B: Health effects. Chapter 7: Carcinogenic effects. Sacramento, Calif: California EPA, 2003. Available at: www.arb.ca.gov/toxics/ets/dreport/dreport.htm (accessed Jul 2004).
4. Morabia A, Bernstein M. A review of the relation of active and passive smoking to breast cancer. J Women’s Cancer 2000; 2: 1-9.
5. Khuder SA, Simon VJ Jr. Is there an association between passive smoking and breast cancer? Eur J Epidemiol 2000; 16: 1117-1121.
6. Lash TL, Aschengrau A. Active and passive cigarette smoking and the occurrence of breast cancer. Am J Epidemiol 1999; 149: 5-12.
7. Egan KM, Stampfer MJ, Hunter D, et al. Active and passive smoking in breast cancer: prospective results from the Nurses’ Health Study. Epidemiology 2002; 13: 138-145.
8. Reynolds P, Hurley S, Goldberg DE, et al. Active smoking, household passive smoking, and breast cancer: evidence from the California Teachers Study. J Natl Cancer Inst 2004; 96: 29-37.
9. Morabia A. Smoking (active and passive) and breast cancer: epidemiologic evidence up to June 2001. Environ Mol Mutagen 2002; 39: 89-95.
10. Band PR, Le ND, Fang R, Deschamps M. Carcinogenic and endocrine disrupting effects of cigarette smoke and risk of breast cancer. Lancet 2002; 360: 1044-1049.
11. Conway K, Edmiston SN, Cui L, et al. Prevalence and spectrum of p53 mutations associated with smoking in breast cancer. Cancer Res 2002; 62: 1987-1995.
12. Chang-Claude J, Kropp S, Jager B, et al. Differential effect of NAT2 on the association between active and passive smoke exposure and breast cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2002; 11: 698-704.
13. Chaturvedi P. Does smoking increase the risk of breast cancer? Lancet Oncol 2003; 4: 657-658.
14. IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk to Humans. IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. Vol 83: Tobacco smoke and involuntary smoking. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2004.

Online responses are no longer available. Please refer to our instructions for authors page for more information.