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Expanding the frontiers of women's health research — US style

Vivian W Pinn
Med J Aust 2003; 178 (12): . || doi: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.2003.tb05380.x
Published online: 16 June 2003

Sex analyses in studies can have clinical implications


  • Office of Research on Women's Health, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.


Correspondence: 

  • 1. Wizemann TM, Pardue M-L, editors. Institute of Medicine Committee on Understanding the Biology of Sex and Gender Differences. Exploring the biological contributions to human health: does sex matter? Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2001.
  • 2. Pinn VW. Sex and gender factors in medical studies: implications for health and clinical practice. JAMA 2003; 289: 397-399.
  • 3. US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service. Women's Health: report of the Public Health Service Task Force on Women's Health Issues, Volume II. DHHS Pub. No. (PHS) 88-5026. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1987.
  • 4. Fishman JR, Wick JG, Koenig BA. The use of "sex" and "gender" to define and characterize meaningful differences between men and women. Agenda for Research on Women's Health for the 21st Century: a report of the Task Force on the NIH Women's Health Research Agenda for the 21st Century. Vol. 2. NIH Pub. No. 99-4386. Bethesda, Md: National Institutes of Health, 1999.
  • 5. Torpy JM, Lynm C, Glass RM. Men and women are different. JAMA 2003; 289: 510.
  • 6. Mastroianni AC, Faden R, Federman D, editors. Women and health research: ethical and legal issues of including women in clinical studies. 2 vols. Institute of Medicine. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1994.
  • 7. Information for authors. J Natl Cancer Inst 2003; 95: 85-88.
  • 8. Shlipak MG, Elmouchi DA, Herrington DM, et al. The incidence of unrecognized myocardial infarction in women with coronary heart disease. Ann Intern Med 2001; 134: 1043-1047.
  • 9. Benton RE, Sale M, Glockhart, DA, Woosley RJ. Greater guanidine-induced QTc interval prolongation in women. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2000; 67: 413-418.
  • 10. Gear RW, Miaskowski C, Gordon NC, et al. Kappa-opioids produce significantly greater analgesia in women than in men. Nat Med 1996; 2: 1248-1250.
  • 11. Pinn VW. Women's health research: progress and future directions. Acad Med 1999; 74: 1104-1105.
  • 12. National Institutes of Health Revitalization Act of 1993 (Public Law 103-43), 107, Stat. 22 (codified at 42 U.S.C. 289.a-1), June 10, 1993, at 486(d) (4) (D).
  • 13. US Department of Health and Human Services. National Institutes of Health. NIH Guidelines on the Inclusion of Women and Minorities as Subjects in Clinical Research; Notice. Federal Register, 59: 14508-15413 (March 28, 1994).
  • 14. Pinn VW, Chunko MT. NIH Office of Research on Women's Health and its DHHS partners: meeting challenges in women's health. J Am Med Women's Assoc 1999; 54: 15-19.
  • 15. National Institutes of Health, Office of Research on Women's Health. Report of the National Institutes of Health: opportunities for research on women's health. NIH Pub. no. 92-3457. Bethesda, Md: National Institutes of Health, Office of Research on Women's Health, September 1992.
  • 16. National Institutes of Health, Office of Research on Women's Health. A report of the Task Force on the NIH Women's Health Research Agenda for the 21st Century. Vol. 1-8. NIH Pub. No. 99-4386. Bethesda, Md: NIH, 1999.
  • 17. Grunberg SM, Cefalu WT. The integral role of clinical research in clinical care. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 1386-1388.
  • 18. Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL, et al. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results from the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002; 288: 321-333.
  • 19. Fletcher SW, Colditz GA. Failure of estrogen plus progestin therapy for prevention. JAMA 2002; 288: 366-368.
  • 20. National Institutes of Health news release. 11 Institutions to establish Specialized Centers of Research (SCOR) on Sex and Gender Factors Affecting Women's Health. Available at: http: //www.nih.gov/news/pr/oct2002/od-28.htm (accessed May 2003).
  • 21. Sumaya CV, Pinn VW, Blumenthal SJ. Women's Health in the Medical School Curriculum: report of a survey and recommendations. HRSA-A-OEA-96-1. Rockville, Md: Health Resources and Services Administration, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 1996.
  • 22. Silverton S, Sinkford J, Inglehart M, et al. Women's Health in the Dental School Curriculum. Women's Health: report of a survey and recommendations. NIH Pub. No. 99-4399. Bethesda, Md: National Institutes of Health, 1999.
  • 23. Health Resources and Services Administration, National Institutes of Health. Women's Health in the Baccalaureate Nursing School Curriculum: report of a survey and recommendations. BHPR-98-0584(P). Rockville, Md: Health Resources and Services Administration, National Institutes of Health, 1998.

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