Barrett’s oesophagus: epidemiology, diagnosis and clinical management

Whiteman, David C; Kendall, Bradley J

doi:10.5694/mja16.00796

ARTICLE
AUTHORS
REFERENCES

Topics

Digestive system diseases

General medicine

Summary

Barrett’s oesophagus is a condition characterised by partial replacement of the normal squamous epithelium of the lower oesophagus by a metaplastic columnar epithelium containing goblet cells (intestinal metaplasia).
Barrett’s oesophagus is important clinically because those afflicted are predisposed to oesophageal adenocarcinoma. Prevalence surveys suggest that up to 2% of the population may be affected; most will be unaware of their diagnosis.
Risk factors include age, male sex, gastro-oesophageal acid reflux, central obesity and smoking. Helicobacter pylori infection confers a reduced risk of Barrett’s oesophagus.
Risks of cancer progression are lower than originally reported and are now estimated at 1–3 per 1000 patient-years for patients with non-dysplastic Barrett’s oesophagus. Progression rates are higher for patients with long segment (≥ 3 cm) and dysplastic Barrett’s oesophagus.
Australian guidelines have been developed to aid practitioners in managing patients with Barrett’s oesophagus and early oesophageal adenocarcinoma.
While generalised population screening for Barrett’s oesophagus is not recommended, endoscopic surveillance of patients with confirmed Barrett’s oesophagus is recommended, with surveillance intervals dependent on segment length and presence of dysplasia.
New techniques such as endoscopic mucosal resection and endoscopic radiofrequency ablation are now available to treat patients with dysplasia and early oesophageal adenocarcinoma. New screening and surveillance technologies are currently under investigation; these may prove cost-effective in identifying and managing patients in the community.

1 QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD
2 University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD
3 Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD

Correspondence: david.whiteman@qimrberghofer.edu.au

Acknowledgements:

This work was supported by the National Health and Medical Research Council (grant numbers APP1073898 and APP1058522). The funding body had no role in the design and conduct of the study; the collection, management, analysis and interpretation of the data; or the preparation, review or approval of the manuscript. We are indebted to Cancer Council Australia and the members of the Barrett’s Oesophagus and Early Oesophageal Adenocarcinoma Working Party, whose efforts underpinned this review.

Competing interests:

No relevant disclosures.

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Barrett’s oesophagus: epidemiology, diagnosis and clinical management

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